UAdolf Bernhard Meyer (b. Hamburg 1840, d. Berlin 1911) wayengusosayensi waseJamani owayesebenza njengomlawuli weRoyal Zoological and Anthropological-Ethnographic Museum Dresden (das Königlich Zoologisches und Anthropologisch-Ethnographisches Museum Dresden) iminyaka engama-30. Okubalulekileyo kukuba, waseka iKhabhinethi ye-Ethnographic kwiMyuziyam yaseRoyal phakathi kwe-1875 kunye ne-1878 kwaye wayalela ukuqokelelwa kwezixhobo ze-ethnographic ezivela kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia kunye ne-Pacific ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-30.

Phambi kokuqeshwa kwakhe ngo-1874, waqokelela ingqokelela yezilwanyana, i-anthropological, kunye ne-ethnological kuhambo lophando lwabucala (1870-73) ukuya kwi-Indonesia yanamhlanje kunye neePhilippines. Ngexesha lolawulo lwakhe ingqokelela yakhe yathengwa yiRoyal Museum, phakathi kwamanye amaziko kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kwaye ihleli kwindawo yokulandela iimyuziyam namhlanje. Ngelixa uMeyer wayenomdla kakhulu kuphando lwezilwanyana, wathatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi we-anthropological kunye ne-ethnographic. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba eJamani, i-anthropology yayibhekiselele kwi-anthropology yomzimba, injongo yayo yobuhlanga yayikukufunda ukwahluka kweempawu zomzimba womntu, ngakumbi ukhakhayi, kunye nokubonelela ngobungqina obunobungqina bokungafani kobuhlanga. I-Ethnology ibhekiselele kwi-anthropology yenkcubeko egxile endaweni yokufunda inkcubeko yezinto zamaqela ahlukeneyo. Ukufunda omabini amacandelo kwakuqhelekile kwizazinzulu ezifana noMeyer kunye nabantu ababephila ngexesha lakhe.

Nangona uhambo lukaMeyer lwenzeka ngaphambi kwexesha lobukoloniyali elisemthethweni laseJamani (1884-1918), ukuhamba kwakhe kunye nokupapasha kwakhe kunokusinceda siqonde ukuba i-colonialism kunye ne-anthropology yaseJamani kunye ne-ethnology zadibana njani. Babonisa indlela iimbono zesayensi ezazihamba ngayo kulo lonke elaseYurophu nakwilizwe lobukoloniyali, kunye nohlobo lwezifundo kunye neentetho zikawonke-wonke ezaziza kwazisa iimbono zaseJamani zabantu bomthonyama kuMzantsi-mpuma weAsia nakwiPasifiki, abanye babo ababeza kuthi kungekudala babe phantsi kweJamani. ulawulo lobukoloniyali.

Urhwebo olunengeniso kwisaltpeter lwaqala kubarhwebi baseHamburg ekuqaleni koo-1880. Bakwabandakanyeka ekwembeni izimbiwa. Intlango ye-Atacama iqulethe iidiphozithi ezinkulu ze-saltpeter, iminerali eyenziwe nge-sodium kunye ne-nitrate ye-potassium. Yayifanelekile njengesichumiso kunye nokuveliswa kwerhuluwa kunye neziqhushumbisi.

Ngaphambi kowe-1879, iNtlango iAtacama esemantla yayiyeyaseBolivia nasePeru. Omabini la mazwe aye anika iinkampani zaseBritane nezaseJamani iimvume zokwembiwa kwesalpeter ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1850s kwaye ayezamana nemveliso elawulwa ngurhulumente ye-salpeter. I-Chile, kwelinye icala, ilandele imigaqo-nkqubo ekhululekile kakhulu. Xa iPeru ubukhulu becala yenze ukuba ishishini le-saltpeter libe kwilizwe lakwamanye amazwe yaza yanyanzelisa ukuba kurhwebelwano lwe-saltpeter, kwaye iBolivia nayo yanyusa irhafu yokuthumela i-saltpeter, "iMfazwe ye-Saltpeter" yaqhambuka phakathi kwamazwe amathathu ukusuka kwi-1879 ukuya kwi-1884. Kwakhokelela ekuyekisweni kwemimandla ye-saltpeter yasePeru yase-Arica kunye neTarapacá ukuya eChile ngo-1883. IBolivia yaphulukana nokufikelela elwandle.

Ngaloo ndlela iChile yaba lilizwe eliphambili ekuveliseni i-saltpeter kwaye abarhwebi abaninzi baseHamburg bawafudusela amashishini abo apho emva kokurhweba ngeGuano ephantse yaphela imveliso evela ePeru ingasazisanga ngeniso babeyifuna.

Uzalelwe eKerala, itshantliziyo laseIndiya u-Arathil Candeth Narayanan Nambiar uchithe ixesha elininzi lobomi bakhe esilwela iNkululeko yaseIndiya. Ngeminyaka yee-1920, iBerlin yaba liziko elibalulekileyo lomzabalazo wakhe. Ekuqaleni esebenza kunye namakomanisi, wabaleka eJamani emva kokubanjwa yiNational Socialists. Nangona kunjalo, wabuyela esixekweni ngo-1942, ngeli xesha esebenza nomnye umlweli, owayezama ukusebenzisana ne-fascist yaseJamani kunye ne-Italiya ekulweni nobukoloniyali baseBritani eIndiya.

Ibhayografi yentatheli kunye nonozakuzaku kamva u-ACN Nambiar yalatha kuthungelwano olukhulu lwamazwe ngamazwe lwabalweli bobukoloniyali kunye nemibutho eyahlukeneyo yezopolitiko kweli candelo.

Lo mbhalo ubhalwe njengenxalenye yomboniso wentsebenziswano "Yima kwi-Solidarity! Ukuchasana kwabamnyama kunye ne-anti-colonialism yehlabathi e-Berlin, i-1919-1933 "yiNkcubeko ye-Decolonial yeSikhumbuzo kwiSixeko kunye ne-Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf Museum kwi-2023.

UmCameroon uLouis Brody (uBebe M'pessa) wayengumdlali wefilimu owaziwayo owaziwayo ngexesha le-Weimar kunye neNazi. Nangona wayengumdlali onetalente, uluhlu lweendima ezinikiweyo luye lwancipha kwaye waba ngumntu ongaqhelekanga kubaphulaphuli baseJamani. Kwangaxeshanye, uBrody wenza iphulo elikhutheleyo lokuchasa imiboniso yobuhlanga yabantu abantsundu ngokubandakanyeka kwimibutho eliqela yabantsundu echasene nobukoloniyali kunye nocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga eJamani, kuquka iAfrikanischer Hilfeverein yaye kamva iLeague for the Defense of the N*rasse . Intshukumo yakhe yezopolitiko iye yafikelela ekubhaleni. Ngomnyaka ka-1930 wadlala kwimvukelo ethi "Sunrise in the Tomorrowland", awayibhala ngokwakhe efuna ukubhiyozela imbali nenkcubeko yabantu abamnyama. UBrody wasweleka eBerlin ngowe-1951.

UmTshayina uHu Lanqi wayelitsha-ntliziyo lezopolitiko elalihlala eBerlin phakathi ko-1929 no-1933. EBerlin wayesebenza kwimibutho yobukomanisi kwaye esilwa ne-impiriyalizim yaseJapan eTshayina. Ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhe yezobupolitika, wabanjwa yiNational Socialists ngowe-1933 waza wavalelwa kwintolongo yamabhinqa yaseBerlin. Wabhala uthotho lwamanqaku malunga nokuhlala kwakhe kwaye waziwa kwizangqa zamakomanisi kunye nezoncwadi.

Ukubuyela e-China, u-Hu waqeshwa njenge-general yokuqala yase-China kwaye waququzelela umbutho wabasetyhini. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuba amakomanisi eqalise ukulawula, yahlelwa njenge "right-winger" ngo-1957 kwaye yahlaziywa kuphela ngo-1970. UHu wasweleka ngo-1994 kwisixeko sakhe saseChengdu.

Njengomlweli ochasene nobukoloniyali, umfundi kunye nomkomanisi, u-Hu wayekhokele ubomi bezizwe ngezizwe kwaye wasebenza nabadlali abaphambili kuthungelwano lwamakomanisi achasene nama impiriyali ngexesha lemfazwe.

I-Robert Koch Institute (RKI), ikomkhulu eMtshato, ngoku inegunya lomanyano lwezifo ezosulelayo kunye nezingasuleliyo. Njengeziko lezempilo likarhulumente, liye laziwa kuninzi lwabemi, ngakumbi ukusukela oko kubhubhani we-corona ka-2020.

Eli ziko lathiywa ngoRobert Koch (1843-1910), owathi, kunye noLouis Pasteur, bagqalwa njengoyena mseki ubalulekileyo wenzululwazi yebhaktiriya. Ugqirha, i-microbiologist kunye ne-hygienist iphumelele udumo lwehlabathi kunye nophando lwakhe kwi-anthrax, ukufunyanwa kwe-cholera pathogen kwaye, ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, ukufunyanwa kwe-pathogen ebangela isifo sofuba.

Ukubandakanyeka kukaRobert Koch kwikoloniyalizim (yaseJamani) akwaziwa kakhulu. Isazinzulu, esikwathathwa ngokuba ngumseki wamayeza ashushu kunye nococeko eJamani, uye wachaza ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ukulwa nezifo zetropiki - ngakumbi isifo seengcongconi - "kuya kuhambelana nokunqoba ngoxolo kwawona mazwe amahle kwaye achumileyo emhlabeni." Ngokombono wakhe I-Bacteriology kunye ne-colonialism yayinephupha eliqhelekileyo: lelo "lokulawula" izifo ezifana ne "tropical fever".

Esi sicatshulwa sisicatshulwa esihleliweyo sencwadi ethi “Berlin. Eine postkoloniale Metropole. "

Ulwazi malunga nezityalo ludlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu ukususela ekuqaleni kokwanda kobukoloniyali baseYurophu. Yayingeyogolide nje ekhazimlayo eqhube ubukoloniyali, kodwa nomnqweno wokufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwizityalo esele zaziwa eYurophu, njengepepile, isinamoni, i-nutmeg kunye nezinye iziqholo. Oko kubizwa ngokuba “ngumphumela kaColumbus” kwaqala ngowe-1492? Utshintsho lwendalo kunye nezolimo lobungakanani obukhulu kumacala omabini eAtlantiki, kwaye kamva kwihlabathi liphela: ukutshintshiselana kunye nokusebenzisana kwezityalo ezingaziwayo zitshintshe iindawo ezininzi zoluntu kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, iitapile, umbona, iitumato, icuba namandongomane, zazingaziwa ngaphaya kweMerika. Ngokwahlukileyo, kwakungekho zihlahla zekofu okanye umoba, itswele okanye imithi yebhanana njengaseYurophu, eAfrika naseAsia.

Ukudaya, ukutya, ulonwabo, amayeza, ulwakhiwo kunye namalaphu: izityalo yayizizixhobo ezixabisekileyo. Eminye, njengebrazilwood ( ibirapitanga kwintsapho yolwimi lwemveli lwesiTupi–Guarani) kumahlathi akunxweme lweAtlantiki yaseBrazil, yagawulwa ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-16 ukuya ngasekupheleni kwe-18. Ezinye izityalo ezifana ne-indigo, umqhaphu, icuba kunye nommoba kwafuneka zilinywe, zijongwe, zivunwe kwaye zilungiswe ngabantu abangamakhoboka baseAfrika abasuka kumasimi aseMelika ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe kwizixeko zamazibuko iHamburg neAltona.

Apho, uphando oluchanekileyo kunye nokuchongwa kwezityalo ezivela kwiindawo zamakholoni zahamba kunye nomdla wezorhwebo kwizityalo ezinenzuzo kunye neemeko zabo zokukhula. Ukufikelela kunye nokufumana kolwazi lwemveli olunxulunyaniswa nezi zibonelelo nako kudlale indima ebalulekileyo. Eli nqaku liqaqambisa ezinye iindawo ezijikeleza ukuvela kwebhotani eHamburg ngokunxulumene nobukoloniyali.

Emva kwamashumi eminyaka yokugxekwa ngabadlali abaNtsundu/abaNtsundu kunye nemibutho yomanyano, iNachtigalplatz kunye neLüderitzstraße eBerlin “kwikota yaseAfrika” zathiywa ngokutsha nge-2 kaDisemba ka-2022. Ifilimu yefilimu ethi "Uhuru Amani Umoja" nguB'net Rahal udliwano-ndlebe nabaphembeleli abahlanu malunga nembali yesithili, inkcubeko yokukhumbula eJamani kunye nokubaluleka kokuqamba ngokutsha izitrato ngengqiqo yokukhunjulwa okubalulekileyo kwimbali yobukoloniyali baseJamani. Unika ingxelo ngochaso lwama-Afrika ngokuchasene namaJamani kwaye ubambe iminyhadala yokutshintshwa kwegama kwi-"Quarter yase-Afrika" kwikhamera.

Qaphela : Lo mboniso bhanya-bhanya unamacandelo amathathu, aboniswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo “kwikota yase-Afrika”. Ukuba unomdla, icwecwe elipheleleyo likwafumaneka kushicilelo lwalo olupheleleyo lokujongwa kunye nokuthunyelwa kwelinye ikhonkco leVimeo lilandelayo:

Inguqulelo epheleleyo: Uhuru Amani Umoja

Namhlanje, iGibeon (!Khaxa-tsûs) ngumasipala kummandla waseHardap kuMazantsi eNamibia enabemi abangama-4000, kuma-70 km kumazantsi ekomkhulu lommandla iMariental, ime kufutshane neGreat Fish River, ikhondo lamanzi lamaxesha athile onyaka. maxa wambi izikhukula ezinkulu. Njengendawo yokuhlala esisigxina, iGibeon ibuyela kwi-1863 xa uKaptein Kido (Cupido) Witbooi we / Khowesen wahlala apho. Emva kwamaxesha anzima asekupheleni kwenkulungwane ^ye- 19, iGibheon yaba likomkhulu lesithili phantsi kolawulo lobukoloniyali baseJamani kunye nendawo yokuhlala esemthethweni yaseKaptein Hendrik Witbooi (Auta !Nanseb) xa wayenyanzelwe 'kwisivumelwano sokhuselo' ligunya lobukoloniyali baseJamani. ngowe-1894. Ngo-1904, iGibheyon yayiyindawo yokuqala yemfazwe yamaNama namaJamani (1904-1908).

Emva kwembubhiso, uNama wayekwazi ukubuya kancinci emva kwemfazwe, kwaye phantsi kolawulo loMzantsi Afrika (1915-1990) iWitbooi yaphinda yafumana indawo eyingozi kwiKrantzplatz Reserve edibana nedolophu yaseGibeon ukuya eMntla. Ngeli xesha lide, babambelele ngokungqongqo kumathuba ayingozi ababewanikwa ukukhusela umanyano loluntu. Ngeminyaka yoo-1970, ngokubambelela kweenkokheli ezibalulekileyo zamaNama kwi-SWAPO, iGibeon yaba 'likomkhulu laseMzantsi' kumbutho wenkululeko. Yayisisazulu esibalulekileyo semfundo.

Emva kokuzimela, indawo yokuhlala yahlanganiswa kumasipala kunye neziko le-constituency ye-Hardap Regional Council. Ihlala ilikomkhulu lemveli le/Khowesen.

Kwiminyaka embalwa yekoloniyalizim yaseJamani kwilizwekazi laseAfrika, kwiPasifiki naseTshayina, uninzi lweengqokelela zanamhlanje zezenkolo zaphelela kwiimyuziyam zaseJamani: izazinzulu, abasebenzi basemkhosini, kodwa nabavangeli basemazweni bangena ngokutshintshiselana ngobuqhetseba okanye ngokuphanga ngobundlobongela. ukuba nezigidi zezinto zakudala. Ukongeza, abaphandi kunye nabasebenzi basemkhosini baphanga amangcwaba ookhokho kwaye bazisa amathambo abantu eJamani, apho asetyenziswa gwenxa kwizifundo zesayensi ye-pseudo kwaye ezinye zisagcinwe kwiimyuziyam kude kube namhlanje.

Amaziko amaninzi eLeipzig aqulethe ubuncwane benkcubeko obuziswe eJamani ngexesha lobukoloniyali phantsi kweemeko ezithandabuzekayo nezihlala zingacacanga. Ukongeza kwiMyuziyam ye-GRASSI ye-Ethnology, oku kuquka iyunivesiti kunye neMishini yaseLeipzig. Nangona kunjalo, okoko yasekwayo ngenkulungwane ye-19, iMyuziyam yeGRASSI ikwindawo ebaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yesixeko.

Ukunyolukela izinto ezikrwada kunye nokulindelwa kwengeniso eninzi kwabangela ukuba abarhwebi noosomashishini baseJamani batyale imali kumashishini angamathanga. Ukuze baxhaphaze ngokwezoqoqosho imimandla yaphesheya kunye nokudala iimarike ezintsha zokuthengisa, baseka amaqumrhu. Bafumana umhlaba, benza amasimi baza basebenza, kwakhiwa imizila kaloliwe kwaza kwembiwa nezinto ezikrwada. Uninzi lwezi nkampani zangaphambi kobukoloniyali kunye nezobukoloniyali zaseJamani zokurhweba, ezothutho, ezolimo, ezemigodi kunye neenkampani zezityalo zazizinze eBerlin, eHamburg okanye eBremen. Kodwa abarhwebi, oosomashishini kunye nosomashishini batyale imali kwiiprojekthi zoqoqosho lobukoloniyali ngaphandle kweedolophu ezinkulu kunye nezixeko ezinkulu zamazibuko - kubandakanya iRhineland kunye neWestphalia.

Olu luntu lwaba negalelo elikhulu ekuxhatshazweni kweekoloni kunye nokucinezelwa kwamawaka ngamawaka abantu. Abemi baseYurophu babecinga ukuba abemi bomthonyama babenokufumaneka kubo njengabasebenzi abaphantsi. Noko ke, ekubeni ngokoqobo kwakunzima ukufumana abantu abaneleyo ukuba benze umsebenzi onzima owenziwe emasimini, emigodini nasekwakheni koololiwe, abemi bomthonyama ngokufuthi babenyanzelwa ukuba basebenze ngokungeniswa kweerhafu okanye ngokunyanzelwa. Isohlwayo sokubethwa sasisemthethweni kwiikoloni. Abasebenzi bekhontrakthi nabo baqeshwa e-China okanye kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia, okubizwa ngokuba yi-coolies, kwafuneka basebenze phantsi kweemeko ezingenabuntu.

Izityalo ezazinengeniso kurhwebo lobukoloniyali zazilinywe ngokulima enye emasimini. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwabangela intshabalalo kanaphakade yendalo.

Eli nqaku lilandelayo linika ingqiqo apho abarhwebi baseRhine nabaseWestphalian, oosomashishini noosomashishini bathathe inxaxheba ekuxhatshazweni kobutyebi bendalo kunye nabasebenzi abaphantsi.

Amagama ezitalato asetyenziselwa uqhelaniso kwindawo yasezidolophini, kodwa azalisekisa imisebenzi yesikhumbuzo yezopolitiko: Ngokuthiya izitrato ngamagama abantu, iindawo okanye iziganeko, ezi ziwonga kwaye zimiliselwe kwinkumbulo edibeneyo yabemi besixeko. Ngoko ke bahlala bebonakalisa i-historiography ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga abo babenamandla okanye banamandla okugqiba ngamagama ezitalato.

Kangangamashumi eminyaka kukho iingxabano eziqalwe luluntu malunga namagama ezitalato anika imbeko abadlali okanye izenzo zobuhlanga. Njengomthetho, i-contextualization ebalulekileyo (umzekelo, ngeendlela zeempawu ezichazayo) kwaye, kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, ukuphinda kuthiwe ngokutsha kuyafuneka kwezi zinto, kuba ubundlobongela bekoloniyali kunye nokudelela abantu akufanele kuzukiswe kwi-cityscape.

Oku kuyasebenza naseLeipzig, kuba nalapha kukho amagama ezitrato amaninzi abonisa ukubandakanyeka kwesixeko kucalucalulo lobukoloniyali. Ngokwahlukileyo kwizixeko zaseNtshona Jamani, izitrato ezininzi ezinemvelaphi yobukoloniyali zazisele zithiywe ngokutsha ngexesha leGDR. Kuba umkhondo wasuswa ngokuzolileyo, uphononongo olubanzi lwembali yobukoloniyali aluzange lwenziwe naseMpuma Jamani.

Kwimeko yokutshintshwa kwegama lesitrato, kukwakho nethuba lokutshintsha iimbono zabenzi bobubi ukuya kwezo zazifudula zibubukoloniyali, ngaloo ndlela kubonakale ukuchasana nolawulo lobukoloniyali kunye neengcinga zobukoloniyali. Ireferensi yekholoniyali-yembali yegama igciniwe, kodwa abadlali ababengahoywa ngaphambili kunye namabali angabonakaliyo afika ekuqapheliseni uluntu. Elinye igama le-Ernst-Pinkert-Strasse elinikezelwe kumseki weLeipzig Zoo iya kuba nguHassan Essahas, owabulawa yinyumoniya ngo-1906 ngexesha "lomboniso wabantu" kwiZoo yaseLeipzig.

E-Potsdam, ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kwenqaba yeCawa yaseGarrison kuyaqhubeka: iprojekthi esele yasiliwa iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, ekubeni icawe imele unxibelelwano phakathi kwecawa nembali yomkhosi ngendlela engazange ibekho eJamani. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-2020, iGarrison Church Foundation yabonisa umbono womboniso osisigxina. Ingaba imisebenzi yesiseko yenza ubulungisa kwilifa elinomthwalo wecawe ngumxholo wengxoxo eshushu.

Inxalenye yeli lifa ngumsebenzi wabefundisi ababini kwicawa yamajoni ngokunxulumene nokucinezelwa kweYìhétuán Yùndòng - "iMovement of Associations for Justice and Harmony" - kwimfazwe ebizwa ngokuba yi-Boxer War e-China nangexesha lokubulawa kwabantu. Ovaherero kunye namaNama kwi "German- Southwest Africa", iNamibia yanamhlanje.

Aba befundisi babini babephila ngaxeshanye. UJohannes Kessler , owazalwa ngo-1865, wayengumfundisi wenkundla kunye nomfundisi wasemkhosini ePotsdam ukusuka ngo-1893. UMax Schmidt, owayenonyaka ubudala, wangena ezihlangwini zakhe njengomfundisi womkhosi ngowe-1906 waza waba ngumfundisi wenkundla ngowe-1908.

Eli nqaku lenziwe ngokubambisana ngokusondeleyo kunye ne "Lernort Garrison Church", owenza uphando olongezelelweyo malunga nelifa lobukoloniyali beCawa yaseGarrison kunye "noMhla wePotsdam".

Kolu hlelo lwesibini Dekoloniale [Re]visionen Denkwerkstatt sizinikela kwimbali ende kunye nentsha yangoku yamabango okubuyiselwa komhlaba. Ngaba iinkcubeko zangoku zaseAfrika zokukhumbula zibunjwa njani ngokungabikho kwezinto zabo zenkcubeko / ezingcwele kunye namathambo abantu avela kwiimeko zobukoloniyali? Ingaba (ngokuqiqileyo) imyuziyam njengeziko kufuneka icingelwe ngokutsha njani? Ingaba le ›IMyuziyam eNtsha yaseAfrika‹inokuba yindawo edlamkileyo yepolylogue, isikhumbuzo kunye nomboniso – ngokuthatha inxaxheba koluntu?

Umhla we-15 kweyeNkanga uphawula isikhumbuzo seminyaka eli-136 iqalile iNkomfa yase-Afrika yaseBerlin. Ngomsitho walo mhla, Dekoloniale inkcubeko yokukhumbula esixekweni ibiza iNkomfa ye-Afrika ye- Dekoloniale Berlin. Umsitho uya kusasazwa ngqo kwigumbi leprojekthi eWilhelmstraße 92 eBerlin-Mitte. Igumbi leprojekthi e-Wilhelmstraße 92 liphakathi kweendawo zangaphambili ze-Reich Chancellery kunye ne-Ofisi yangaphandle, imiboniso yeziganeko ngelo xesha. Abathunywa bamazwe aseYurophu, i-USA kunye noBukhosi base-Ottoman badibana kwi-Reich Chancellery ngo-1884 ngokumenywa koBukhosi baseJamani kunye neRiphabhlikhi yaseFransi ukuba bavumelane ngemithetho yolwahlulo lobukoloniyali belizwekazi kwaye ngaloo ndlela ngokunjalo nasekuxhatshazweni. yaseAfrika.

Ngelixa kwiNkomfa yase-Afrika eyimbali ali-19 amadoda amhlophe alungelelanisa imidla yawo yobukoloniyali kwilizwekazi lase-Afrika kwisithuba seenyanga ezine, ngoku singathanda ukubiza igqiza elichasene nobukoloniyali elibandakanya abafazi abali-19 bemvelaphi yaseAfrika. INkomfa ye-Afrika yaseBerlin ye- Dekoloniale yintshayelelo kunye nesiqalo Dekoloniale inkcubeko yokukhumbula esixekweni .

Nge: Iqela elivela inkcubeko yokukhumbula esixekweni i- Dekoloniale kwiSixeko, i-Tarik Tesfu kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba benkomfa ye-19.

Ubukhosi bakwaMassaquoi yintsapho ebalulekileyo ehloniphekileyo evela eNtshona Afrika. Le ntsapho yeyakwaVai, ibutho labantu elihlala kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiSierra Leone neLiberia. Idlale indima ebalulekileyo kwezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho kwimbali yangaphambi kobukoloniyali kunye nekoloniyali eNtshona Afrika.

Ngenxa yobudlelwane bezopolitiko kunye nozakuzo kwiRiphabhlikhi ye-Weimar kunye neLiberia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, isebe losapho lakwaMassaquoi leza kwisixeko sase-Hamburg. Abantu basembindini yayingunozakuzaku uMomolu Massaquoi (1869-1938), intombi yakhe uFatima Massaquoi (1904-1978) nomzukulwana wakhe uHans-Jürgen Massaquoi (1926-2013).

Ubomi babo bubonisa utshintsho olukhulu olwathi iJamani yafumana kwinkulungwane yama-20 - ukusuka kwisiphithiphithi seRiphabhliki ye-Weimar ukuya kumasikizi e-National Socialism ukuya kuqhagamshelo lwe-Atlantiki yeFederal Republic emva kwemfazwe. Ngamnye kubo ube negalelo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwimbali ye-diaspora yase-Afrika kwaye wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo lembali kwidiplomacy, imfundo kunye noncwadi. Imisebenzi yakhe inika ulwazi olubalulekileyo kwimbali yabantu abamnyama baseLiberia, eJamani nase-USA. Namhlanje, amalungu osapho abonwa njengemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yokuxhotyiswa kwabantu abaNtsundu.

Iinzame zobukoloniyali zoBukhosi baseJamani ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 zakhuthaza ukuchazwa kwezemfundo, ukucwangciswa kunye nokwenza iimephu zeendawo, iilwimi kunye namaqela abantu.

Kulo mxholo, izifundo ze-Afrika, izifundo zesi-Arabhu ("Iziko laseMpuma"), i-ethnology kunye nejografi bakwazi ukuzimisa njengamaziko azimeleyo kwiYunivesithi yaseLeipzig kwiminyaka nje embalwa. Umsebenzi wenzululwazi odla ngokucalucalulwa waba negalelo ekwakhiweni kocalucalulo “lomntu wasemzini”. Njengoko iimbono ezibaxiweyo “ngamazwe aseMpuma,” “iAfrika,” nocalucalulo lwamaqela abantu zazisiya zikhula, ukudodobala kwenkcubeko engeyoyaseYurophu kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo ekuhlaleni. Ulwazi olufunyenweyo kwizifundo ekucingelwa ukuba zezenzululwazi lunokusetyenziswa ekusasazeni ingcamango “yokongama kwabamhlophe ” kuze ngaloo ndlela kuthetheleleke ukwabiwa kwamathanga.

Nangona ukuveliswa kolwazi lobukoloniyali kuye kwabuzwa ngokunzulu kwaye kusetyenzwa ngamacandelo ngokwawo iminyaka eliqela, ilifa lesi siko lolwazi lisaqhuba ukuba nempembelelo namhlanje - eLeipzig.

Amagqabi amade e-isigude okanye i-Strelitzia reginae afana nalawo ebhanana, kwaye intyatyambo yabo yinto eye yabangela umdla emhlabeni jikelele kwiinkulungwane zeminyaka: imilo yabo ikhumbuza intloko yentaka eneentsiba ezikhanyayo ezi-orenji-blue. Ngoko ke ikwabizwa ngokuba yintaka yentyatyambo yeparadesi, intyatyambo yesikhwenene okanye intyatyambo yecrane. Intyatyambo ingumzobo.

Ivela eMzantsi Afrika kwaye ukusasazwa kwayo kwihlabathi jikelele kunxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo namandla eekoloniyali kunye namandla ehlabathi: ukuthiywa kwayo ziingcali zezityalo zaseYurophu emva koKumkanikazi waseBritane uCharlotte weNdlu yaseMecklenburg-Strelitz, ukulinywa kwayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kommeli kungqina iinkqubo ezinzima ezidityanisiweyo. Ukwandiswa kobukhosi, uphando, idiplomacy, ukhenketho kunye nemveliso yeentyatyambo ezisikiweyo, ukuthanda izwe kunye nobuzwe.

I-Strelitzia yezopolitiko kwaye olu khenketho lulandelela ukuba zeziphi iindawo kunye nabantu abadlala indima kunye nokuba yiyiphi ixabiso elifuziselayo eliye labangelwa kuyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngexesha.

Isixeko saseHamburg savula umzi wozakuzo eCanton ngowe-1829, saza esinye eShanghai ngowe-1852, kunye neBremen noLübeck. Ngeemfazwe ezimbini ze-Opium (1839-1842 kunye ne-1856-1860) phakathi kwe-China kwelinye icala kunye ne-Great Britain, iFransi kunye namanye amazwe aseYurophu kwelinye, amagunya obukoloniyali afumana ukufikelela kumazibuko amaninzi aseTshayina. Bakwanyanzelise ukungenisa simahla iyeza le-opium, ukuthengiswa kwendawo kunye nezinye izithintelo ezininzi kulawulo lwaseTshayina. Ngokubanzi, impembelelo yaseNtshona eTshayina yanda. Oku kwakuquka nomsebenzi wobuvangeli basemazweni abangamaKristu. Ngo-1898, uBukhosi baseJamani banyanzela urhulumente waseQing ukuba asayine isivumelwano sokuqeshisa seQingdao (“Tsingtau”) kwiPhondo laseShandong.

I-Tsingtau yakhula ukusuka kwilali yokuloba yaya kutsho kwisixeko sanamhlanje. Noko ke, ucalucalulo nengcinezelo zazizizinto zemihla ngemihla. Ukuchasana nobukhosi kwaqala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane. I -Yìhétuán Yùndòng (“iMovement of Associations for Justice and Harmony” (義和團運動)) yathatha inyathelo ngokuchasene nempembelelo yobukoloniyali yabavangeli basemazweni abangamaKristu kunye nabameli bamazwe aseNtshona kwiPhondo laseShandong. Amagunya obukoloniyali awabiza lo mbutho ngokuthi “yiBoxer Rebellion,” awathi umkhosi wamajoni owawunamajoni asuka kumazwe asibhozo phantsi kolawulo oluphezulu lwaseJamani uAlfred von Waldersee wayicinezela ngenkohlakalo ngowe-1900.

Ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, uBukhosi baseJamani baphulukana nekoloni “yabo” eTshayina. "Njengesango lokuya kwihlabathi", uHamburg wayebandakanyeka kweli bali. Ezi zikhululo zilandelayo ziqaqambisa ezinye iindawo eziqhagamshelwe kubukoloniyali baseJamani eTshayina.

Namhlanje iFlensburg ikholisa ukuthengiswa “njengedolophu yeswekile kunye nerum”. Iswekile kunye nemveliso yemveliso yeswekile, irum ekrwada, yafunyanwa ngokulinywa kommoba eYurophu de kulinywe iswekile beet - ngakumbi kwiCaribbean. Ekubeni iFlensburg yayisesona sixeko sikwizibuko lesithathu ngobukhulu kwilizwe laseDanish de kwangowe-1864, esi sixeko sazuza kwiimeko zorhwebo eziluncedo kunye namathanga aseDanish kwiCaribbean, ngoku eyaziwa njengeSt. Thomas, iSt. Croix neSt. Imveliso yeswekile yayinxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo norhwebo lobukhoboka oluwela iAtlantiki kunye noqoqosho lwamasimi. Emva kokuphela kobulungu bukaFlensburg kurhulumente waseDenmark ngo-1864, esi sixeko saba yinxalenye yobukoloniyali basePrussia/eJamani. Imithetho yerhafu etshintshileyo yenza ukuba urhwebo kunye namathanga aseDanish kwiCaribbean kube nzima ngakumbi. Irum ekrwada yemveliso yerum yaseFlensburg yathi ke yathengwa kumazwe angaphandle ikakhulu kwikoloni yaseBritane yaseJamaica.

Eli nqaku lijolise kuthungelwano lweFlensburg ngexesha layo njengenxalenye yelizwe laseDanish ngokubanzi. Kusetyenziswa iswekile yemveliso yobukoloniyali, ubudlelwane bobukoloniyali phakathi kweOsu-Castle eGhana, uqoqosho lwamasimi eSt. Croix kwiCaribbean kunye nesixeko saseFlensburg kubonisiwe. Kuzo zontathu iindawo, imbali yoxhatshazo ishiye uphawu lwayo kwizakhiwo zedolophu kunye nembonakalo yomhlaba.

Indlela abarhwebi baseFlensburg ababeyinxalenye ngayo kolu qhagamshelo kwaye baxhamla kurhwebo iboniswa lusapho lwakwaChristiansen. Ibali lihlala libaliswa kwicala elinye kunye nomfanekiso wothando "wabarhwebi abanobuchule kunye noomatiloshe". Oku kukubetha ngoyaba isibakala sokuba umsebenzi ongahlawulwayo wabantu abangamakhoboka kwiCaribbean wawusisiseko sokuphumelela kwabarhwebi baseFlensburg.

I-Deutsche Bank yenza njani ukubandakanyeka kwayo okuphambili kubukholoniyali? Kususela nini ukuba ulinywe eBerlin umfanekiso wobuhlanga wobukoloniyali wabantu bomnombo waseAfrika abazifaka kwinkonzo yabeLungu abamhlophe? Yayiphi eyona ngqokelela inkulu yehlabathi yezinyanya/iintsalela zabantu ezibiweyo? Abafuduki abangamathanga ababesuka eCameroon naseMpuma Afrika bajonga njani emva kwiminyaka engama-35 yolawulo lwamathanga lwamaJamani ngowe-1919?

IZIFUNDO ESINGALINDELEKANGA Uhambo lukhokelela kwisithili esidala kunye nesitsha sikarhulumente waseBerlin, apho ubukoloniyali baseYurophu naseJamani bafumana iimpembelelo eziqinisekileyo. Amatshantliziyo kunye neengcali ezivela eNamibia, eTanzania, e-USA naseJamani ezihlala eBerlin zithetha malunga namakholoniyali aseJamani 'ukuthanda ukutshabalalisa, izithethe zobuhlanga zaseBerlin, ukuqokelela ngokungenangqiqo ukuqokelela i-mania kunye nokuchasana ne-anti-colonial kwiindawo ezivelele kodwa ezingabonakaliyo.

Injineli yokwakha, igqala lemfazwe, imvumi, umdanisi, umboniso bhanyabhanya kunye nomdlali wethiyetha, umlweli ochasene nobukoloniyali kunye nocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, iPan-Africanist, kunye namaKomanisi - umCameroon uJoseph Ekwe Bilé wayezizo zonke ezi zinto kunye nokunye. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo u-Bilé wayengomnye wawona matsha ntliziyo abalulekileyo ezopolitiko aseJamani aseJamani ngexesha le-Weimar. Ukubandakanyeka kwakhe kuthungelwano lwezizwe ngezizwe oludityanisiweyo lweCommunist International kunye nePan-Africanism lunika ilizwi kuluntu oluNtsundu lwaseJamani. Wasebenzisana namatsha ntliziyo aMnyama abalaseleyo nanempembelelo anjengoGeorge Padmore, uTiemoko Garan Kouyate, uJames Ford noJomo Kenyatta, begxeka esidlangalaleni ubundlobongela bamazwe aseYurophu kwaye befuna amalungelo alinganayo kubantu abaMnyama kwihlabathi jikelele. Kwangelo xesha, umdlali onobuchule, wabelana ngeqonga lemidlalo yeqonga kunye neenkwenkwezi eziMnyama zehlabathi uJosephine Baker eVienna kunye noPaul Robeson eBerlin.

In der Sammlung des Museums am Rothenbaum. Kulturen und Künste der Welt (MARKK) in Hamburg befindet sich ein bemerkenswertes Gemälde: Es zeigt die beiden Jugendlichen Abbega und Dorugu. Sie wurden in jungen Jahren in einer Region Westafrikas versklavt, gerieten über Umwege in die Dienste und Abhängigkeit von dem Geografen Heinrich Barth und begleiteten ihn fortan auf seinen Forschungsreisen. Mit ihm reisten sie durch Afrika und Europa bis nach Deutschland, Berlin, Gotha und Hamburg.

Von Abbega und Dorugu ist nicht nur das Gemälde überliefert. 1885 veröffentlichte der deutsche Missionar James Frederick Schön in einer Hausa-Grammatik einen episodischen Lebensbericht Dorugus unter dem Titel „The Life and Travels of Dorugu“. Dorugu hatte Schön den Bericht seines Lebens und seiner Reisen abschnittsweise diktiert. Auch Abbega kam am Rande vor oder wurde zitiert. Es handelt sich damit um ein seltenes Selbstzeugnis eines Hausas aus dem 19. Jahrhundert. Dorugu richtete seinen aufmerksamen Blick nicht nur auf das vorkoloniale Nord-, Zentral-, und Westafrika, sondern auch auf Nord-, Mittel- und Westeuropa.

In dieser Tour geht es um das Leben und die Beobachtungen von Abbega und Dorugu. Es ist wichtig zu erwähnen, dass die Namen Dorugu und Abbega nur in etwa der originalen afrikanischen Aussprache entsprechen.

UAndrea Jimenez Berroa wazalelwa eHamburg ngo-1902. Abazali bakhe yayinguMargaretha Filter waseHamburg kunye nomdlali wepiyano we-Afro-Cuban uJosé Manuel “Lico” Jiménez Berroa waseCuba. Ngeminyaka eyi-17, watshata no-Alexandre Ndambe Manga Bell, unyana kaDuala King Rudolf Manga Bell, owabulawa ngumbuso wamakoloniyali waseJamani eCameroon kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambili. UAndrea Manga Bell kamva wasebenza njengomzobi kunye nomhleli kwimagazini yobugcisa i-Nutzgraphik eBerlin, apho wadibana khona nombhali uJoseph Roth. Waya elubhacweni kunye naye eNice naseParis ngo-1933. Wahlala waza wasebenza eFransi de kwasekufeni kwakhe ngowe-1985.

Ibali lakhe alaziwa kakhulu eJamani. Xa umbutho wowe-1968 kwiFederal Republic of Germany wawusingatha uncwadi oluthinjwa ebudeni bobuSoshiyali beSizwe, umdla kulo wasala uphelele kulwalamano lwawo noJoseph Roth. Wayekhankanywe kuphela njengomfazi wezopolitiko waseCameroon kunye neqabane lombhali owaziwayo. Kuncinci kakhulu okwaziwayo malunga nempumelelo yakhe njengomyili wegraphic kunye nomhleli, impembelelo yakhe kumsebenzi kaJoseph Roth kunye nomsebenzi wakhe eParis emva kwe-1945. Ngelishwa, kukho kuphela iingxelo ezimbalwa ezivela kuye ezifumaneka esidlangalaleni.

Kukho imikhondo eyahlukeneyo yembali yobukoloniyali kumbindi wesixeko saseBremen, ebonisa ukusebenzisana kwezinto ezininzi ezibe negalelo kuxhatshazo lobukoloniyali eAfrika, eAsia nakwiZiqithi zePasifiki kunye nokunyuka okuhambelana neBremen njengesixeko sorhwebo.

Iindawo zokumisa kolu khenketho ziphawula iindawo zeemeko zobukoloniyali, eziphuma kwimpembelelo yabarhwebi ngabanye, umsebenzi wobuvangeli basemazweni kunye norhwebo lwempahla yobukoloniyali. Oku kubandakanya isikhumbuzo se-Reich Chancellor u-Otto von Bismarck, i-cotton exchange kunye ne-Böttcherstrasse, i-chocolate delicatessen evela e-Hachez & Co. kunye nekomkhulu le-North German Missionary Society.

Olu khenketho luphonononga ukudibana kwezizwe ngezizwe phakathi kocalucalulo loMzantsi Afrika kunye neJamani. Nanjengoko kulo nyaka, uMzantsi Afrika uqaphela iminyaka engama-30 yokuphela kocalucalulo, kusondele ixesha lokuba izifundiswa, amatshantliziyo achasene nobukoloniyali, kunye noluntu ngokubanzi lwaseJamani bacinge ngendima edlalwe ngurhulumente waseJamani ekuxhaseni amalungelo oluntu. ukuxhatshazwa kocalucalulo.

Olu khenketho luqala ngokuphonononga ubudlelwane baseJamani namaBhulu phambi kokuba kuqaliswe ngokusesikweni ucalucalulo. Emva koko iqhubela phambili ijongana nendlela umanyano lwezopolitiko lwehlabathi lweMfazwe yoLwandi oluyimise ngayo indlela iNtshona neMpuma Jamani yasebenzisana ngayo norhulumente wocalucalulo. Emva koko iya kujonga indlela oonozakuzaku kunye namaqumrhu aseNtshona eJamani axhasa ngayo ucalucalulo kunye nendlela iJamani yaseMpuma eyanceda ngayo ekuqeqesheni umbutho wokuchasa eMzantsi Afrika. Okokugqibela, izakuphonononga intshukumo echasene nocalucalulo eNtshona Jamani.

I-Trigger-Warning: eli galelo licaphula koovimba abanolwimi lobuhlanga lobukoloniyali oluchaza, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukubiwa kweentsalela zeminyanya nokunyeliswa kwamangcwaba. Ikwabonisa izinto zakudala ezinophawu olungcwele olunokwenzeka.

Ipropaganda yaseJamani ebhalwe "Togoland" njenge "modeli yekholoni". Nangona kunjalo, phakathi kwe-1888 kunye ne-1902, iingxelo zibonisa ukuba amagosa e-colonial kunye nabalawuli bakhokelela kwiihambo ezingaphantsi kwamashumi amathandathu zomkhosi ngokuchasene noluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, ukunyanzeliswa kobundlobongela, kunye nokuphanga okwenziwa kwindawo esemantla yekholoni kunokufumaneka kwiimyuziyam ezininzi zaseJamani. Amawaka amaxhoba emfazwe alele koovimba.

Eli bali lixhalabele owayesakuba yintloko yesikhululo sobukoloniyali eSansanné-Mango, uFriedrich Rigler, kunye nohambo lwakhe olwalwa nobukumkani baseDagbon ngo-1899. iilali, benza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, kwaye bahluthwa kakhulu abantu bendawo, bathumela amaxhoba amaninzi eJamani kunokuba iimyuziyam zikwazi ukubamba.

Ipropaganda yobukoloniyali yaseJamani yabhala iTogoland njenge "modeli yekoloni". Nangona kunjalo, phakathi kwe-1888 kunye ne-1902, iingxelo zibonisa ukuba amagosa e-colonial kunye nabalawuli bakhokelela kwiihambo ezingaphantsi kwamashumi amathandathu zomkhosi ngokuchasene noluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, ukunyanzeliswa kobundlobongela, kunye nokuphanga okwenziwa kwindawo esemantla yekholoni kunokufumaneka kwiimyuziyam ezininzi zaseJamani. Amawaka amaxhoba emfazwe alele koovimba.

Eli bali lixhalabele owayesakuba yintloko yesikhululo sobukoloniyali eSansanné-Mango, uFriedrich Rigler, kunye nohambo lwakhe olwalwa nobukumkani baseDagbon ngo-1899. iilali, benza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, kwaye bahluthwa kakhulu abantu bendawo, bathumela amaxhoba amaninzi eJamani kunokuba iimyuziyam zazikwazi ukuhlalisa.

I-Trigger-Warning: eli galelo licaphula koovimba abanolwimi lobuhlanga lobukoloniyali oluchaza, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukubiwa kweentsalela zeminyanya nokunyeliswa kwamangcwaba. Ikwabonisa izinto zakudala ezinomlinganiswa onokuba ngcwele.

Kwiminyaka emithathu ebalulekileyo ngeminyaka yee-1930s iHamburg yayilikomkhulu leKomiti yeManyano yezoRhwebo yaMazwe ngaMazwe yabaSebenzi baseNegro (ITUCNW) kunye nonobhala wayo uGeorge Padmore, owayeza kuba ngomnye wamatsha ntliziyo adumileyo achasene nobukoloniyali ngelo xesha kwaye kamva eyona idumileyo yamaPan-Africanists. IHamburg yayingelokomkhulu le-ITUCNW kuphela kodwa yayikwayindawo yeNkomfa yokuqala yeZizwe ngezizwe yabasebenzi baseNegro , umsitho ophantse walityalwa kodwa obaluleke kakhulu kwiPan-African, owawubanjelwe esixekweni ngo-1930, waququzelelwa phantsi kwenkxaso yeRed. I-International of Labour Unions (RILU), umbutho wemanyano yabasebenzi yeCommunist International edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiProfintern .

Le Hamburg yayingelokhaya lika-Ernst Thälmann kuphela, inkokeli yeQela lamaKomanisi laseJamani, kodwa yayikwangumbutho owawufuna ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwabasebenzi kwiAfrika iphela kunye nabemi bayo bangaphandle ukuze bakhululeke kwaye kupheliswe ulawulo lobukoloniyali, ubuhlanga kunye nama impiriyali. inkqubo yamazwe.

UPadmore wazalelwa eTrinidad kodwa imisebenzi yakhe yezopolitiko eyaqala eUnited States, yamthatha yamsa eMoscow, eParis, eLondon naseManchester, wachitha isiphelo sobomi bakhe eAccra, eGhana.

I-Eulenburg Expedition to East Asia (1859-1862), eyathiywa ngenkokeli yayo uFriedrich Albrecht zu Eulenburg (1815-1881), ixhaswa yiPrussia kwaye imele iManyano yeCustoms yaseJamani, igqalwa njengesiqalo sobudlelwane bale mihla baseJamani neMpuma yeAsia.

Olu hambo lujolise ekusekeni ubudlelwane bozakuzo kunye norhwebo phakathi kweMpuma-Asia kunye namazwe aseJamani, luphawula ukungena kweJamani kwindawo yezopolitiko kunye nekoloniyali yaseAsia. Olu hambo lwatyelela eJapan, eTshayina, naseSiam. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izivumelwano zozakuzo zagqitywa kunye nala mazwe angasentla, nangona kunjalo, ayengalingani - ukufana kwentsebenziswano yaseNtshona namazwe ase-Asia ngexesha eliphezulu le-impiriyali kunye nekoloniyalizim.

Ukubaluleka kolu hambo akunakujongelwa phantsi. Ukusekwa kobudlelwane bozakuzo phakathi kweJamani kunye neMpuma ye-Asia kube neziphumo ezininzi kwimbali yommandla neyehlabathi, ezinxulumene nembali ye-impiriyalizim yaseJamani, kunye nembali yotshintsho eJapan naseTshayina.

Ibali lobomi bommi waseCameroon uHeinrich Sam Dibonge libonisa ifuthe eliqhubekayo lobukoloniyali kunye neziphumo zabo kubomi bamadoda nabafazi abaMnyama abafudukela phakathi kweAfrika yobukoloniyali kunye neJamani. Uzalelwe kusapho oluphezulu eDouala, eCameroon ngexesha lobukoloniyali baseJamani. UDibonge, njengoninzi lwesizukulwana sakhe wafundiswa ngamakholoniyali phambi kokuba angene kwinkonzo yomrhwebi waseJamani. Oku kwamzisa eJamani izihlandlo ezininzi, kubandakanywa kwiinyanga kwangoko ngaphambi kokuqhambuka kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe uDibonge wayevaleleke eHamburg – akazange abuyele eDouala kwaye akazange aphinde abone inkosikazi yakhe yaseCameroon kunye nosapho oluncinci.

Isifundo sobukoloniyali baseJamani, engengommi phambi ko-1914, emva kwemfazwe yaseJamani, eyayingasenabo ubukhosi baphesheya kweelwandle, uDibonge ngoku wayengenalizwe. Kwiimeko ezinzima ngakumbi walwela ukudala ubomi eJamani. Emva kwemfazwe wafumana impumelelo njengomsebenzi onobuchule kunye noTheodor Zeise, watshata kwakhona, kwaye wadityaniswa noluntu olubanzi lwabaNtsundu eJamani. Kwangaxeshanye, wathothoza entolongweni waza wakhutshelwa ngaphandle kubumi baseJamani. Emva kokuhluthwa kolawulo lwamaNazi imeko kaDibonge kunye nenkosikazi yakhe yaseJamani iye yaba mandundu ngokukhawuleza kwaye esi sibini saphathwa kakubi.

Amabali obomi bukaJacob N'dumbe waseCameroon kunye nentombi yakhe eyazalelwa eBerlin uMartha abonisa imiceli mngeni emikhulu amadoda nabafazi abaMnyama abajongene nayo ukuba babefuna ukwakha ubomi eJamani ngaphambi ko-1945. UYakobi ekuqaleni weza eJamani njengenxalenye yeqela laseCameroon elalizimase uMboniso weKoloni yaseBerlin ngowe-1896. Ngelixa abaninzi bexesha lakhe babuyela ekhaya emva kokuba umboniso uphelile, wakhetha ukuhlala eBerlin waza wahlala apho. Waqeqeshwa njengomkhandi wesinyithi, watshata waza waba nentsapho. Intombi yakhe uMarta wazalwa ngo-1902.

Ukungazinzi kwezoqoqosho kunye nokwanda kokungabandakanywa kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kwabumba ubomi baba babini: UYakobi walelwa ukuba ngummi waseJamani ngexesha loBukhosi baseJamani, waba nobunzima bokufumana umsebenzi osisigxina kwaye umtshato wakhe waphela. Konke oku kwayichaphazela impilo yakhe yengqondo. Kwakhona uMarta wakufumanisa kunzima ukuziphilisa waza waguqukela kulwaphulo-mthetho olungenamsebenzi noonongogo. Egqalwa “njengentlalontle” ngamaNazi, ekugqibeleni wavalelwa kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseRavensbrück, apho wafela khona ngoFebruwari 1945.

E-Bremen, ukuqhubeka kwekoloniyali kunokuchongwa kungekuphela nje kumagama ezitalato kunye neemyuziyam, kodwa nakwiivenkile kunye neefacade zendlu. Ukhenketho olusuka kwisithili saseSchwachhausen ukuya kwindawo esembindini ye-Bahnhofsvorstadt luthethathethana ngexesha elidlulileyo lobukoloniyali lwezi ndawo zenkumbulo kwaye luseka uqhagamshelwano lwangoku nokungalingani okukhoyo. Undwendwela izitalato ezithiywe ngamagama abadlali bamakholoniyali ababenempembelelo enkulu kwezoqoqosho okanye ngokwembono kwimbali yobukoloniyali. Imbali yobukoloniyali yeqela leenkampani elaziwayo kuzwelonke nayo iyaxoxwa. Okokugqibela, unxibelelwano olusondeleyo phakathi kobugcisa, urhwebo kunye nekoloniyalizim lubonisiwe, olusafumana ingqwalasela encinci kakhulu kwintetho yembali yedolophu ukuze ikwazi ukuthetha ngengxoxo-mpikiswano yasemva kobukoloniyali.

Kutheni iindwendwe zaseAfrika eziya eBerlin zisacela ilize indawo yesikhumbuzo efanelekileyo yeNkomfa yeAfrika yaseBerlin? Zingaphi iimitha ukusuka kwikomkhulu le-Deutsche Bank ukuya kwikomkhulu le-colonial "protection force"? Ingaba iM-Strasse yaseBerlin inento yokwenza ntoni nenkampu yoxinaniso yaseSachsenhausen kwaye baqala nini amatsha ntliziyo eAfrika ukuba afune ummeli ontsundu kwipalamente yaseJamani?

Ngokubambisana noMthendeleko we- interfilm , iNkcubeko ye- Dekoloniale inkcubeko yokukhumbula esixekweni ikumema kwi-cinematic kunye ne-digital city tour ukuze ufike emazantsi ale mibuzo. Ngeentetho ezimfutshane zembali kunye neefilimu ezimfutshane ezikhethiweyo, ukhenketho lwesixeko lunokugqityezelwa kwindawo yedijithali nakwiBerlin-Mitte yokwenyani.

Umthengisi webhanki uAdolph von Hansemann (1826–1903) wayengomnye wabadlali abomeleleyo ngokwezimali kwishishini lobukoloniyali. Wayengumnini kunye nomlawuli olawulayo weDisconto-Gesellschaft , eyadityaniswa neDeutsche Bank ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1920. Ngexesha likavon Hansemann, iDisconto-Gesellschaft yayiyeyona bhanki inkulu yabucala kuBukhosi baseJamani. UVon Hansemann utyale imali ngasese kunye nemali-mboleko yebhanki kumalinge amaninzi obukoloniyali.

Ngokwenza oko, wavula indlela yekoloniyali yaseJamani kwaye waphembelela umgaqo-nkqubo wobukhosi bobukoloniyali. Wadlala indima ephambili ekusekweni kwekoloni "German New Guinea", inkxaso "iihambo zophando", waphonononga amathuba ezoqoqosho, ukufumana umhlaba ngemali kunye nokusekwa kwezorhwebo, iinkampani zemigodi kunye noololiwe, njengeNew Guinea Inkampani okanye iOtavi Mining kunye Inkampani kaloliwe (i-OMEG).

Unxibelelwano phakathi kwenkunzi, umgaqo-nkqubo wekoloniyali kunye nokuxhaphazwa kwezoqoqosho kubonakala kwi- Disconto Society kunye no-Adolph von Hansemann kunye nendima ayidlalileyo kwinkqubo yekholoni. Eli nqaku libonisa amanye amalinge athe u-von Hansemann kunye nenkampani yeDisconto bawaxhase ngemali kutyalo-mali lwabo. Ngokwenza njalo, bakhuthaza ukuxhaphazwa kwamakholoni kwimimandla emininzi kwaye bakhokelela abantu abahlala apho ukuba baxhomekeke kuqoqosho, intlupheko kunye nokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi.

Umkomanisi waseTshayina uLiao Huanxing wazalelwa eHengyang, kwiPhondo laseHunan ngo-1895 waza wajoyina iQela lamaKomanisi laseTshayina (CCP) elisanda kusekwa eneminyaka eyi-27. Ukususela ngo-1922 ukuya ku-1928 wayehlala eBerlin, apho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wayesebenza njengonobhala we-ofisi emele i -National People's Party yaseChina - i-Kuomintang (KMT). Ngombulelo kulwazi lwakhe oluhle lwesiJamani, ngokukhawuleza wanxibelelana namakomanisi aseJamani. U-Liao waba ngumntu ophambili kwiNkongolo yaseBrussels yeNkongolo yeNgqungquthela yokuNxinzelela phantsi koBukoloniyali kwaye emva koko wasebenza njengentloko ye- Arhente yeNdaba yaseTshayina .

Emva kokuba ingxabano nomvakalisi ongumkomanisi uWilli Münzenberg yanda, waya eMoscow nentsapho yakhe. Apho, uLiao wabanjwa kunye nomfazi wakhe, uDora Liao-Dombrowski owayesebenza eJamani, ebudeni bentshutshiso kaStalin nokubulawa kwabantu ababegqalwa “njengabangathembekanga” ngokwezobupolitika ngowe-1938 baza bagwetywa kwiinkampu zaseSiberia. U-Liao wasweleka ngo-1964 emva kokubuyela eTshayina.

“Njengomguquli oqeqeshiweyo” wanikela ubomi bakhe kumzabalazo ochasene nobukoloniyali kunye nowokuchasa ama impiriyali kwinkonzo yamaKomanisi aMazwe ngaMazwe (Comintern). Ibhayografi kaLiao yiparadigmatic ngokunyuka nokuwa kothungelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe oluchasene nobukoloniyali eBerlin ngeminyaka yoo-1920.

UMangi Meli wayeyinkosi yamaChagga kwi-Old Moshi yanamhlanje kwiMount Kilimanjaro eTanzania. Ngokungafaniyo noyise uMangi Rindi Mandara, uMeli walwa nebango laseJamani lokulawula. Ekuqaleni walwa ngempumelelo ngokuchaseneyo nebizwa ngokuba "yimikhosi yokukhusela", kodwa ekugqibeleni kwafuneka anikezele kwimikhosi yamakholoni. Yile ndlela (Okudala) uMoshi waba liziko laseJamani lamandla eKilimanjaro.

Ngomnyaka ka 1900, uMangi Meli waxhonywa kunye nezinye iinkosi neenkokheli ngezityholo zokuqulunqa iyelenqe nxamnye namaJamani. Ukuxhwaleka kokubulawa kusaqhubeka nanamhlanje kwiingoma zemveli kunye namabali.

Noko ke, inkohlakalo ayizange iphele ngokufa kukaMeli: kuthiwa intloko yakhe yanqunyulwa yathunyelwa eJamani, umfazi kaMeli waxelela umzukulwana wakhe u-Isaria. Unanamhla oku, usazama ukuba uMangi Melis Haupt abuyele e-Old Moshi.

Enyanisweni, iifayile zibonisa ukuba inani lamathambo avela eMoshi athunyelwa kwiMyuziyam ye-Ethnographic eBerlin ngenjongo yophando lobuhlanga. Ngaphandle kwemigudu enzima, uMelis Haupt akakachongwa. Ukusukela ngo-2019, umboniso weFlinn Works kunye nesikhumbuzo esixhaswa ngemali yesikhumbuzo seNkosi uMeli eOld Moshi.

Ibali lakhe lingumzekelo wokuchasa ubukoloniyali kwi-German East Africa kunye nenkohlakalo yolawulo lwamaJamani. Ukongezelela, inikela ubungqina kukungabikho kokusesikweni okuqhubekayo okubangelwa kukubekel’ amangomso amasalela ookhokho egameni lenzululwazi.

I-Cameroonia Quane a Dibobe, eyaziwa ngokuba nguMartin Dibobe, wayengomnye wamatsha ntliziyo aphambili ezopolitiko ase-Afrika eJamani kwithuba langaphambi ko-1945. Wafika eJamani ngo-1896 njengomthathi-nxaxheba kuMboniso wokuQala wamaKoloniyali waseJamani – ngokufanelekileyo umyezo wezilwanyana wabantu, wahlala eBerlin, kwaye wonwabela umsebenzi omde wokusebenzela inkqubo yezothutho yesixeko.

Nangona kuninzi malunga nobomi bakhe kungakacaci, ubutshantliziyo bukaDibobe bungqinwa ngcono ngo-1919 ngo-1919 amanqaku angama-32 awawusungulayo wawadlulisela kubaphathi baseJamani. Ngelixa uDibobe kunye nabakhalazi kunye naye bathembisa ukunyaniseka kwiRiphabhlikhi entsha bacela ukulungiswa ngokupheleleyo kobudlelwane bobukoloniyali phakathi kweJamani neCameroon kwaye bafuna ukulingana kwamaAfrika kwiAfrika zombini kunye. Jemani.

I-Bielefeld kunye nekoloniyalizim? Abahlali besi sixeko, ebesityala impumelelo yezoqoqosho kwishishini leempahla, babenento yokwenza nokwandiswa kobukoloniyali kunye nokuxhaphaza? Njengakwezinye izixeko ezininzi kuMbindi Yurophu, iimbekiselo kubukoloniyali azicacanga kwaye zazingeyonxalenye yezithethe zembali yesixeko ixesha elide. Zimbalwa izinto ezibonakala kubume besixeko namhlanje, njengesikhumbuzo soMnyuli oMkhulu eSparrenburg eBielefeld, enika ubungqina kurhwebo (lwangaphambili) lobukoloniyali lweBrandenburg African Company (BAC).

Uninzi lweempawu zifihliwe kwi-biographies yabafuduki kunye neengxelo malunga nemisebenzi yobukoloniyali yabemi. Abazange bathenge kuphela iimveliso kwiikoloni kwaye banikele kwimishini - babandakanyeka kwimibutho yobukoloniyali, baya kwiminyhadala yobukholoniyali, "imiboniso yobuhlanga" kunye neentetho ngezihloko zamakholoni, baqokelela izinto ezingezizo zaseYurophu, batyala i-oki yobukoloniyali ngo-1924 kwaye bathiywa igama elithi isitrato emva kolwaphulo-mthetho lobukoloniyali ngo-1963 kunye nesithixo samaNazi uKarl Peters. Ikomkhulu loBugcisa baseBheteli nalo lalikweso sixeko. Ezinye zezi zihloko, apho u-Bielefeld ebexoxa nge-postcolonial ukususela ngo-2007 kwiikhenkethi ezilandela umkhondo wekholoniyali, ziboniswa kwezi zikhululo zilandelayo.

Kwiindawo zangaphambili zezibuko zase-Überseestadt, i-colonial past iyabonakala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwaye iyaqhubeka kuze kube namhlanje ngokungekho sikweni kurhwebo lwehlabathi kwimpahla. Kodwa umfanekiso kaBremen njengesixeko sokurhweba semveli ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ayikadibani nesiseko sobukoloniyali sobutyebi bayo - imbali kunye neemeko eziqhubekayo zokuxhaphaza zihlala zingachazwanga. Inzuzo yokuba ikoloniyalizim kunye neziseko zobukoloniyali ezimele urhwebo lweBremen kwimpahla yobukoloniyali iyacaca kolu tyelelo lulandelayo lweBremen's Überseestadt.

Olu khenketho lutyhila amagama ezitrato zobukoloniyali njengeKiautschoustraße, Pekingerplatz, kunye neSamoastraße eBerlin-Wedding, ukulandelela ilifa lobukoloniyali baseJamani eQingdao, eBeijing, naseApia.

Nangona yayihlala ixesha elifutshane kwaye ivalelwe ubukhulu becala, amabhongo aseJamani aseTshayina ayenempembelelo enkulu. Yakhawulezisa ukuwa koBukhosi baseTshayina yaza yabangela intshukumo yabafundi eyatshintsha indlela yaseTshayina.

Imiphumo yokucinezelwa kweZizwe eziManyeneyo eziSibhozo kwi-Yihetuan Movement (1900-1901) ikwahlala ibonakala kwiimyuziyam zaseJamani, apho kugcinwe khona inani elikhulu lezinto ezixabisekileyo ezaphangwa eTshayina.

Olu khenketho luza kuphonononga uqhakamshelwano phakathi kwemimandla yempembelelo yaseJamani eTshayina naseSamoa, kuphononongwa kuxhatshazo lwemithombo yobutyebi bendalo kunye nabasebenzi abaphantsi okuthe kwaphembelela iinzuzo zongxowankulu baseJamani.

Umnyhadala we-"Dekoloniale Festival" ushwankathela kwaye ubonakalise kwimixholo ehambelana neprojekthi ye-"Dekoloniale" kwigalelo lobugcisa kunye neengxoxo. Ngoko ke kulo nyaka sasisendleleni e-East Berlin: Ukususela ngo-Oktobha 15th ukuya kwi-17th savula umboniso ohlaziyiweyo wesigxina »Ukujonga Emva - Umboniso wokuQala wamaKoloni waseJamani we-1896 eBerlin-Treptow« kwiMyuziyam yeSithili saseTreptow-Köpenick. Sibonise ukungenelela kobugcisa bamagcisa amathathu "Dekoloniale Berlin Residency 2021" kuluntu kwaye sathetha malunga nokuba i-decolonization ye-museum inokwenzeka njani.

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Ukuba ufuna ukubukela iividiyo ezinemibhalo engezantsi, ungazifumana kwibar esezantsi phantsi »CC«, apho ufumana ukhetho phakathi kwesiJamani, isiNgesi okanye akukho mibhalo engezantsi.

NgoLwesine, ngoSeptemba 1, 2022, siya kuvula uMthendeleko we Dekoloniale 2022 kumazantsi eBerlin kwaye sijonge ngakumbi kwizithili zaseFriedrichshain-Kreuzberg, Neukölln kunye neTempelhof-Schöneberg. Siqala e-Mariannenplatz kunye neStudio 1 kwisithili sobugcisa sase-Bethanien kwaye sijonge inkululeko kunye nokuxhathisa amandla [e]mfuduko yobukoloniyali ngeendibano zocweyo, iingxoxo zephaneli, ithiyetha kunye nokusebenza. Njengakwixesha eliphakathi kweNkomfa yase-Afrika yaseBerlin ngo-1884/85 kunye nokuthathwa kolawulo lwamaNazi ngowe-1933, ezi zithili zaseBerlin zisabunjwa lunxibelelwano oluninzi lwabadlali bemvelaphi yaseAfrika, abathi, ngaphandle kwempembelelo yabo ebalulekileyo, abaqinisekiswanga ngokudibeneyo. inkumbulo kwaye ingabonakali kwindawo yoluntu.

NgoLwesihlanu, umhla we-2 kuSeptemba, siza kudibana neendwendwe zethu ezisuka kwiindawo ezazisakuba ziikoloniyali zaseJamani eAfrika eMariannenplatz kwi-"Dekoloniale Africa Conference«.

Umnyhadala walo nyaka ugxile ngokukodwa kwimisebenzi yobugcisa kunye nongenelelo lwasezidolophini lwe-3 Dekoloniale Abahlali baseBerlin ngo-2022, kunye ne-biographies ebalulekileyo kubafuduki be-colonial kunye neendawo ezinxulumene nabo, esiya kuzityelela njengenxalenye yosuku olupheleleyo, isixeko se-decolonial. hamba ngoMgqibelo, nge-3 kaSeptemba.

NgeCawa, ngoSeptemba 4, sivala uMthendeleko we Dekoloniale 2022 ngokutshintshiselana namaqabane ethu e-Contemporary And (C &), iBerlin Biennale 12 kunye neMyuziyam yaseFriedrichshain-Kreuzberg.

Kwaye: Ekupheleni kosuku ngalunye lomnyhadala kukho imiboniso enika umdla!

Umrhwebi waseHamburg uCaspar Vght waziwa kakhulu njengomguquleli woncedo oluhlwempuzekileyo kunye nengqondi edibeneyo eyakha iJenischpark eKlein-Flottbek eHamburg. Nangona kunjalo, imisebenzi yakhe yokurhweba njengomthengisi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ifumene ingqalelo encinci. Kwaye ukuba kunjalo, kubhekiselwa kuphela kwisicatshulwa sikaVght esiphantse sibe ngumzekeliso: "Ndandingumrhwebi wokuqala waseHamburg ukufumana ikofu eMocha, iToback yaseBaltimore, ikofu evela eSuriname, kunye nerabha evela eAfrika."

Olu khenketho luhlolisisa ngokucokisekileyo "Inkolelo ye-Vight" kwaye inika ingqiqo kwishishini lakhe lobukoloniyali. Ngokukodwa, umbuzo uphononongwa ukuba uVight wayebandakanyeka kangakanani kurhwebo lobukhoboka be-atlantic. Oku kukwabonisa intsebenziswano yeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zobukoloniyali malunga ne-1800 kunye nokubandakanyeka koohlohlesakhe base-Hamburg kunye ne-Altona.

Iinyaniso ezimbalwa eziphambili: Emva kokusweleka kukayise, uSenator uCaspar Vght ophezulu, uCaspar Vught junior wathatha indlu kayise yokurhweba ngo-1781, kunye nomhlobo wakhe uGeorg Heinrich Sieveking, owayesele esebenza apho. Bayinike ngokusesikweni inkampani yorhwebo i-Vght & Co. ukuya kwi -Vght & Sieveking ngo-1788. Uqoqosho lwase-Hamburg lwafumana inqanaba eliphezulu ngeminyaka yoo-1780s kuba, emva kweRevolution yaseMelika, ngoku yayikwazi ukurhweba ngokuthe ngqo ne-USA eselula ngaphandle kweNgilani. Kwi-1793, uCaspar Vght warhoxa ngokusemthethweni kwinkampani yokurhweba, kodwa waqhubeka eqhuba ishishini elinenzuzo kunye noMntla Melika ngokuzimeleyo. Ngo-1799 uSieveking wasweleka ngokungalindelekanga. Ingxaki yokurhweba ngelo xesha kunye neNapoleonic Continental Blockade phakathi kwe-1806 kunye ne-1814 ekugqibeleni yabangela ukuba uVoght anikezele ishishini lakhe.

URegina Bruce / Savi de Tové wazalelwa eWuppertal ngo-1900 njengentombi yabafuduki baseTogo. Njengomntwana osemncinci, wahamba lonke elaseYurophu kunye nosapho kunye neshishini lakhe lokubonisa. Uchithe ubuntwaneni bakhe kunye nobutsha bakhe nabazali abakhulisa umntwana kumantla eJamani. EHamburg ekugqibeleni waqeqeshwa njengomfundisi-ntsapho waza wasebenza kwikhaya labantwana. Apha wayeyinxalenye yoluntu oluntsundu olwalusilwa ucalucalulo oluchasene nobuhlanga kwiRiphabhliki yaseWeimar. Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1920 wemka eJamani kunye noodade bakhe ababini waza wafudukela eTogo, apho wafela khona ngowe-1991 emva kokuphila ubomi obude.

I-biography yakhe ephawulekayo yinxalenye ye-German-Togolese colonial kunye nembali yokufuduka. Ubomi bukaRegina Bruce / Savi de Tové bukwaxela ngamathuba kunye nemida yesenzo somfazi omnyama ngenkulungwane yama-20.

Ukuzalwa kwakhe, uRegina Bruce / Savi de Tové wanikwa amagama ama-Ewe amaninzi endingawaziyo. Kuba ethetha ngaye njengoRegina kwiirekhodi ezirekhodiweyo, ndiza kusebenzisa elo gama lokuqala apha.

Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-120 emva kokuzalwa kukaRegina Bruce / Savi de Tové, ndizama ukuqonda i-biography yakhe. Into awayevakalelwa ngayo nawayecinga ngayo yayingasoloko ifunyanwa kwimithombo yolwazi. Ngaphambi nje kokuba ndigqibezele ibali lobomi bakhe endathi ndadibana neengoma ezirekhodiweyo apho yena, eneminyaka engama-75 ubudala, wathetha ngobomi bakhe de kwangowe-1930. Oku kwenze umfanekiso omtsha; ndiye ndakwazi ukufaka iingcaphuno ezisuka kuye kwaye ndibeke umbono wakhe ngaphambili.

Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukubonisa ukuba yeyiphi imbono endibhala ngayo i-biography kaRegina Bruce / Savi de Tové: Njengomfazi omhlophe waseJamani, mna ngokwam ndibunjwe yimbali yobukoloniyali. Nangona ndithatha imbono yobufazi egxeka ubuhlanga, ulwazi lwam oluninzi luvela kwi-Eurocentric archives. Ngemvelaphi eyahlukileyo yolwazi kunye namava, ibali likaRegina Bruce / Savi de Tové ngokuqinisekileyo linokubaliswa ngendlela eyahlukileyo.

Ukude kwasekufeni kwakhe ngo-1950 indoda yaseTogo u-Amemenjong, kamva eyaziwa ngokuba nguJoseph Garber, ehlala eBerlin phantse iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Ubomi bakhe kunye nobo babantwana bakhe abazalelwe eBerlin bubonisa indlela ubomi bamaJamani aMnyama abunjwe ngayo yikoloniyalizim kunye nelifa layo kwaye kamva yimigaqo-nkqubo yobuhlanga yamaNazi.

Yayibubukhosi obazisa uGarber eJamani. Okokuqala ngo-1891 weza ngenxa yezizathu zemfundo waza ngo-1896 weza kuboniswa njengenxalenye yomzi wogcino-zilwanyana wabantu owawuboniswa kuMboniso wokuQala wamaKoloniyali waseJamani eBerlin-Treptow. Ekupheleni kwalo mboniso wagqiba kwelokuba ahlale, aqeqeshelwe ukuthunga, kwaye wenzela umkhosi waseJamani iibhatyi zomkhosi ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi, phambi kokuba abizwe ukuba aye kulwa. EBerlin-Neukölln watshata ngowe-1910, waqalisa usapho, waza waqhuba abathungi abaphumeleleyo bamadoda de kwaba kukuDodobala Okukhulu.

Akuzange kube ngummi waseJamani, kuphela isifundo se-colonial yaseJamani, ukuphela koBukhosi baseJamani kwashiya uYosefu kunye nabantwana bakhe bengenasiphelo. Oku kunqongophala kokhuseleko lomthetho kwabangela ukuba intsapho ibe sesichengeni ngakumbi emva kokuba amaNazi elawula. Njengabo bonke abahlali abaNtsundu, uJoseph kunye nabantwana bakhe ngoku abasele bekhulile babejongelwe phantsi kwaye bephantsi kocalucalulo olwandayo. UJoseph wabanjwa amaxesha amaninzi ngenxa yokungabikho kwamaphepha esazisi, ngelixa abantwana bakhe babenokhetho oluncinci ngaphandle kokuchitha ubomi ngokudlala kwimiboniso yangaphandle kunye neefilimu ze-propaganda zamaNazi ezizukisa i-colonial past.

UJoseph nabantwana bakhe basinda kulawulo lwamaNazi. Ngexesha lasemva kwe-1945 bonke abantakwethu abane bakaGarber bashiya iJamani kwaye bafuna ukwakha ubomi obutsha kwenye indawo.

Isithili saseHamburg saseHarburg yayisisixeko esizimeleyo esinezibuko elikwi-Elbe de kwayinkulungwane yama-20. Ukusukela embindini wenkulungwane ye-19, kuye kwavela iinkampani ezintsha apha ezilungisa imathiriyeli ekrwada ukusuka kwiindawo eziphantsi kwamakholoni. Amashishini erabha kunye ne-oyile ngokukodwa enze isixeko esincinci ngokuthelekisa indawo ebalulekileyo yoshishino kwi-Empire.

Ngokwahlukileyo kulandelelwano lwezakhiwo kwinkangeleko yedolophu yanamhlanje, ilifa kumazwe emvelaphi yemathiriyeli yekrwada yobukoloniyali ayibonakali kwisithuba sedolophu saseHarburg. Kwimimandla yangaphambili yaseJamani, kodwa naseNigeria nakwingingqi ye-Amazon, ukuxhaphazwa kwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kwi-Elbe kuye kwatshabalalisa ubomi boluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Umhlaba wohluthwa ukuze kwakhiwe amasimi apho abantu banyanzelwa ukuba basebenze. Abadlali bekoloniyali badla ngokutyumza ngobundlobongela ukuchasana kwabantu basekhaya okwavela phantse kuyo yonke indawo kwaye kwakhona kwaye kwakhona.

Ezi ziganeko zikwayinxalenye yembali yezikhumbuzo zemizi-mveliso, nokuba azikhunjulwa eHarburg. Izikhululo ezikweli nqaku zikhanyisa iindawo ezibalulekileyo kunye neenkampani zaseHarburg kunye noqhagamshelwano lwazo kubukoloniyali.

UWalther Rathenau (1867-1922), unyana womseki we-AEG uEmil Rathenau, wayengusomashishini onempembelelo kunye nezopolitiko kwiRiphabhliki yaseWeimar. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe wayejolise kwisiphithiphithi esichasene namaSemite, okwathi kwacaca ngakumbi emva kokuqeshwa kwakhe njengoMphathiswa Wezangaphandle ngo-1922. NgoJuni 24, 1922, wabulawa ngabanqolobi belizwe nabachasene namaSemite.

Inkalo encinci eyaziwayo ye-biography kaRathenau yindima yakhe njengomcebisi wezoqoqosho kuNobhala kaRhulumente we-Ofisi ye-Imperial Colonial, uBernhard Dernburg. Ngo-1907 kunye no-1908 bahamba kunye ukuya kumathanga aseJamani "i-German East Africa", "i-German South West Africa" ​​nakwimimandla yobukoloniyali baseBritani.

U-Rathenau wagcina iidayari kuzo zombini iihambo, ezithi, kunye nembalelwano kunye neengxelo ezisemthethweni azibhalele uChancellor Bülow, zibonelele ngembono yakhe ngabantu, imihlaba kunye neemeko zokuhamba. Nangona wayekugxeka ukucinezelwa ngenkohlakalo kwabemi basekuhlaleni, wathetha ngokuphandle exhasa ukuxhatshazwa kwezoqoqosho lwamathanga nocalucalulo lobuhlanga.

Eli nqaku lilanda izigaba zale minyaka ngaphambi kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala.

Umboniso womguquli welizwe jikelele, uVirendranath Chattophadyaya, okanye 'iChatto', wanikela ubomi bakhe bonke ebudaleni kwinjongo yobuzwe baseIndiya kunye nokulwa nobukoloniyali baseBritane. Umdla wakhe wenguqu wamkhokelela kwizifundo zakhe eLondon kulo lonke elaseYurophu - ekhangela inkxaso kunye nabaphulaphuli abazimiseleyo kwiphulo lehlabathi elichasene neBritish Raj.

Indawo esembindini yeOdyssey yakhe yaseYurophu yayiyiBerlin. Apha waseka iKomiti yaseBerlin , eyathi kamva yabizwa ngokuba yiKomiti yeNkululeko yaseIndiya ( Indisches Unabhängigkeitskomite), umbutho owakha umfelandawonye neJamani ngexesha leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi ukunceda udushe lwaseIndiya.

Ngexesha kunye nasemva kwemfazwe evela kwiziseko zaseBerlin naseStockholm, uChatto waya kwiinkomfa kwaye wakha unxibelelwano lobuqu nabanye abantu abanobusoshiyali kunye nabachasene nobukhosi kunye namanani karhulumente, efumana inkxaso-mali ebalulekileyo kunye nentsebenziswano kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Weza neendawo ezithe qelele zobukoloniyali njengeSingapore, iConstantinople kunye neAfghanistan kuthungelwano lwehlabathi, esasaza inkohliso echasene neBhritane kwamanye amaIndiya agxothiweyo kwihlabathi liphela ngumkhosi kunye neemfuno zabasebenzi zobukumkani.

Ubomi bukaChatto bukhanyisa ukukhanya eBerlin njengendawo echasene ne-imperial hub kwaye bunika ukuqonda kubomi be-cosmopolitan revolution, benyanzelwa ukuba bafuduke ngenxa yokhuseleko lomntu kunye nenkonzo yesizathu esichasene nobukoloniyali. Kwangoko evuselelwe ngobukrelekrele kwaye wabeka ingozi enkulu ngomsebenzi wakhe wobomi, uChatto naye wafumana ukuphoxeka kwezopolitiko kunye neenguqu njengoko uhambo lwakhe lwenguquko lwamtsalela ngasekhohlo ngokwembono nakwimpuma ngokwesithuba. Njengoko ubuKomanisi bukhula emva kweNguqulelo yaseRashiya, wabona ekude ekhohlo njengokuphela komhlobo wenyaniso kwinjongo echasene nobukoloniyali. Wafudukela eMoscow, apho ekugqibeleni wayeza kudibana nesiphelo sakhe ezandleni zikaStalin, eshiya ngasemva ilifa elimangalisayo kwizangqa ezichasene ne-imperial.

IWindhoek, ikomkhulu laseNamibia lasekwa okokuqala ngowe-1840 yiNkosi yaseOorlam uJonker Afrikaner, owayithiya ngegama leeNtaba zeWinterhoek eTulbagh, eMzantsi Afrika, apho wakhulela khona.

Ukanti ngo-1890, imbali yaphinda yabhalwa ukuze ithi yasekwa nguMkomishinala wasebukhosini waseJamani uCurt von François, owayehleli kule ndawo waza waseka inqaba iAlte Feste. Oku kungachaneki kwembali kuya kuthi kamva, ngo-1965, kuqiniswe ngokumiselwa komfanekiso wakhe oqingqiweyo encoma uFrançois njengomseki weWindhoek. Esi siganeko sisikhumbuzo esinamandla senyaniso yokuba amatye ezikhumbuzo aseWindhoek abonakalisa iimbono zehlabathi zabo bawagunyazisayo okanye abawamkelayo.