Kasuwancin ɗan kasuwa da mai jirgin ruwa August Joseph Schön (1802-1870) yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da bauta da mulkin mallaka. Ya yi arzikinsa ne a tsibirin St. Thomas na Caribbean da kuma Hamburg. Schön ya yi ciniki da kayan mulkin mallaka kuma ya sayi gidaje da gonaki a yankin Caribbean inda bayi suke yin aiki. Ya rike mukamai masu yawa na girmamawa a Hamburg, ya rinjayi manufofin tattalin arziki na gida kuma yana da wani gida mai tsada da aka gina akan Elbchaussee.

A cikin 1872, dansa ya sami gidan Weißensee kusa da Berlin, wanda ya raba cikin fakiti kuma ya sayar. Sunaye da yawa a cikin Berlin-Weißensee har yanzu suna tunatar da mu dangin Schön.

A kan St. Thomas, nazarin tarihin bautar yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar jama'a: masu aikin sa kai daga Caribbean Genealogy Library (CGL) suna gudanar da aikin ilimi kuma sun himmatu wajen sa bincike na iyali ya isa, musamman ga zuriyar bayi.

Ba kasafai ake ambaton bakar fata da masu launin fata a cikin tarihin jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jamus. GDR ba al'umma ce mai kama da juna ba, fararen fata .

Baya ga baƙar fata 'yan GDR waɗanda aka haifa a cikin "jahar ma'aikata na farko da manoma a ƙasar Jamus," manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙaura sun kuma tsara al'umma tun lokacin da aka kafa jihar. Baƙi sun zo GDR ta hanyoyi daban-daban, galibi daga Vietnam, Mozambique, Cuba, Poland da Angola.

Ziyarar da ke tafe game da ma'aikatan kwangila da dalibai daga jihohin Angola da Mozambique bayan mulkin mallaka. Labarunsu sun bayyana sabanin da ke tsakanin masu adawa da mulkin Fascist, masu kyamar wariyar launin fata na GDR da yanayin rayuwar ’yan uwa masu launi, wadanda ke nuna wariyar launin fata da uba. A lokaci guda kuma, abubuwan da suka samu shaida ce ta ci gaba da ƙoƙari da kuma ayyuka masu juriya ga ƙayyadaddun manufofin ƙaura da wariyar launin fata a cikin GDR - da kuma sake haɗewar Jamus.

Wannan labarin yana da alaƙa da tarihin rayuwata: Mahaifina ya zo daga Angola don yin karatu a GDR a 1989. Ra'ayoyin tattaunawa da shi, tare da abokai da kuma masu fafutuka a Jamus da Mozambik don haka ana nuna su akai-akai a cikin maganganu da sauti.

An haife shi a Kerala, ɗan gwagwarmayar Indiya Arathil Candeth Narayanan Nambiar ya sadaukar da yawancin rayuwarsa yana fafutukar neman yancin Indiya. A cikin 1920s, Berlin ta zama muhimmiyar cibiyar gwagwarmayar sa. Da farko yana aiki tare da 'yan gurguzu, ya tsere daga Jamus bayan da 'yan Socialists suka kama shi. Duk da haka, ya koma birnin a cikin 1942, a wannan lokacin yana aiki tare da wani mai fafutuka, wanda ya nemi hada kai da Jamus da Italiyanci a yakin da mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a Indiya.

Tarihin dan jaridan kuma jami'in diflomasiyyar ACN Nambiar daga baya yana nuni ne da manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya na masu adawa da mulkin mallaka da kuma kawancen siyasa daban-daban a wannan fage.

An rubuta wannan rubutun a matsayin wani ɓangare na nunin haɗin gwiwar "Tsaya cikin Haɗin kai! Ƙarfafa baƙar fata da mulkin mallaka na duniya a Berlin, 1919-1933" ta Al'adun Tunawa da Decolonial a cikin birni da Gidan Tarihi na Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf a 2023.

Labarun matan da suka bijirewa mulkin mallaka da kuma mulkin mallaka a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Jamus a Kamaru daga 1884 zuwa 1916 ba a rubuta su da ƙyar ba, don haka galibi ba a san su ba. Wannan duhu yakan kai ga fahimtar cewa adawar mulkin mallaka ta kasance kuma namiji ne kawai.

Haƙiƙa, al’adun baka a wasu lokuta suna ɗauke da nassoshi game da mata: sun taimaki mazajensu su tsere wa aikin tilastawa ta hanyar rera waƙoƙi ko ba da jawabai don faɗakar da su. Haka kuma mata sun taka rawa wajen juriya kamar yadda lamarin Adda Nkollo ya nuna. Adda Nkollo wata mace ce daga Mvog-Ada wadda ta bijirewa gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Jamus cikin nasara a shekara ta 1907 wanda daga karshe aka yi mata gudun hijira.

Labarin nasu zai iya taimakawa wajen kalubalantar rashin ganuwa na mayakan gwagwarmaya mata a karkashin mulkin mallaka da kuma kara rubuta tarihin juriya.

Adolf Bernhard Meyer (b. Hamburg 1840, d. Berlin 1911) masanin kimiyar Jamus ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan gidan tarihi na Royal Zoological and Anthropological-Ethnographic Museum Dresden (das Königlich Zoologisches und Anthropologisch-Ethnographisches Museum Dresden) tsawon shekaru 30. Mahimmanci, ya kafa majalisar zartarwa ta Ethnographic a gidan tarihi na Royal tsakanin 1875 zuwa 1878 kuma ya jagoranci tarin kayan kabilanci daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Pacific sama da shekaru 30 na mulkinsa.

Kafin nadinsa a cikin 1874, ya tattara tarin dabbobi, ilimin ɗan adam, da ethnological tarin balaguron bincike na sirri (1870-73) zuwa Indonesia da Philippines a yau. A lokacin shugabancinsa gidan adana kayan tarihi na Royal ya siya tarinsa, a tsakanin sauran cibiyoyi a duk faɗin Turai, kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin gidajen tarihi na magaji a yau. Yayin da Meyer ya fi sha'awar binciken ilimin dabbobi, ya kuma shiga aikin filaye na ɗan adam da ƙabilanci. A cikin ƙarni na goma sha tara a Jamus, ilimin ɗan adam yana magana ne akan ilimin halin ɗan adam, wanda burin wariyar launin fata shine yayi nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin halayen jikin ɗan adam, musamman kwanyar, da kuma ba da tabbataccen shaida na bambancin launin fata. Ethnology yayi magana akan ilimin halin ɗan adam wanda ya mayar da hankali a maimakon nazarin al'adun kayan aiki na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Karatun bangarorin biyu ya zama ruwan dare ga masana kimiyya kamar Meyer da mutanen zamaninsa.

Duk da tafiye-tafiyen Meyer da ke gudana kafin lokacin mulkin mallaka na Jamus (1884-1918), tafiye-tafiyensa da wallafe-wallafen na iya taimaka mana mu fahimci yadda mulkin mallaka da ilimin halin ɗan adam da ƙabilun Jamus suka kasance tare. Sun nuna yadda ra'ayoyin kimiyya ke yawo a cikin Turai da kuma duniyar mulkin mallaka, da kuma irin nau'in guraben karatu da gabatarwar jama'a da za su sanar da ra'ayoyin Jamus game da ƴan asali a kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Pacific, wasu daga cikinsu za su zo ƙarƙashin Jamus. mulkin mallaka.

A cikin tsoffin wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa na Überseestadt, zamanin mulkin mallaka yana bayyane a wurare daban-daban kuma yana ci gaba har yau ta hanyar rashin adalci a kasuwancin duniya. Amma duk da haka siffar Bremen a matsayin birni na kasuwanci na gargajiya ba a cika samun alaƙa da tushen arziƙin mulkin mallaka ba - cin zarafi na tarihi da ci gaba sau da yawa ba a ambata ba. Yawon shakatawa na Bremen na Überseeestadt na gaba yana nuna fa'idodin da mulkin mallaka da kayan aikin mulkin mallaka ke wakilta don cinikin Bremen a cikin kayan mulkin mallaka.

"'Yan kasuwa 10 na Hamburg sun kafa kamfanin kasuwanci na 1" kuma suna hayar "1 babban jirgin ruwa mai kayan aiki mai kyau" - waɗannan su ne kalmomin bude lissafi a cikin wani littafi na masu sha'awar kasuwanci, wanda ya bayyana a cikin bugu shida a Hamburg tun daga 1686. Bisa ga ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga, 'yan kasuwa suna kawo "linen, damask, da kayan ƙarfe daban-daban" zuwa yammacin Afirka. A can, ana sayar da kayan da “zinariya, hakin giwaye” da kuma ’yan Afirka 202 da ake bautar da su, da ake jigilar su zuwa yankin Caribbean. A tsibirin St. Thomas da Denmark ta yi wa mulkin mallaka, ana musayar mutanen da aka sace da sukarin da ake nomawa a gonakin bayi. Bayan komawar su Hamburg, ‘yan kasuwan sun samu riba dari bisa dari.

Wannan lissafin misalan daga littafin karatun Hamburg da aka dade ana amfani da shi yana misalta gaskiyar abin da birnin ya shiga cikin laifin cin zarafin bil adama na cinikin bayi na transatlantic shekaru da yawa. Ko da a cikin sararin samaniyar birnin Hamburg, idan aka duba na kusa, ana iya gano abubuwan more rayuwa waɗanda ke nuni ga ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da samar da kayayyaki a cikin cinikin bayi na transatlantic. Shekaru da yawa, masu fafutuka na farar hula suna jan hankali ga waɗannan abubuwan da aka manta.

Bielefeld da mulkin mallaka? Menene alakar mazauna birnin, wadanda suke bin sana'ar masaku da bunkasar tattalin arzikinta, da fadadawa da cin gajiyar mulkin mallaka? Kamar yadda yake a sauran garuruwan tsakiyar Turai, abubuwan da suka shafi mulkin mallaka ba a bayyane suke ba kuma ba su cikin al'adun tarihi na birnin na dogon lokaci. Alamu kaɗan ne kawai ake iya gani a cikin yanayin birni a yau, irin su abin tunawa na Babban Zaɓe a kan Sparrenburg a Bielefeld, wanda ke ba da shaida ga (kafin) kasuwancin mulkin mallaka na Kamfanin Brandenburg na Afirka (BAC).

Yawancin alamun suna ɓoye a cikin tarihin ƙaura da kuma rahotanni game da ayyukan mulkin mallaka na 'yan ƙasa. Ba wai kawai sun sayi kayayyaki daga yankunan mallaka ba kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga manufa - sun shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin mulkin mallaka, sun halarci bukukuwan mulkin mallaka, "na nuna kabilanci" da laccoci a kan batutuwa na mulkin mallaka, tattara abubuwan da ba na Turai ba, sun dasa itacen oak na mulkin mallaka a 1924 kuma suna suna titi bayan mai laifin mulkin mallaka a 1963 da gunkin Nazi Karl Peters. Hedkwatar Ofishin Jakadancin kuma yana cikin birnin. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan batutuwa, waɗanda Bielefeld postcolonial ke tattaunawa tun 2007 akan balaguron balaguron bin diddigin mulkin mallaka, an gabatar da su a cikin tashoshi masu zuwa.

Wuppertal yana da tarihin mulkin mallaka wanda ke ci gaba da bayyana a yau. Har yanzu akwai titin da kantin magani da mulkin mallaka ke ɗauke da su, tarihin “baje-kolin al’adun gargajiya” a gidan zoo, da tarihin ayyukan fasaha da ba a warware ba a gidajen tarihi.

Yawon shakatawa na garin na Decolonize Wuppertal ya ƙunshi fannoni daban-daban na mulkin mallaka: daga ƴan ƙasa da ake zaton "masu daraja" da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na garinmu waɗanda, ta fuskar mulkin mallaka, ba su da jaruntaka sosai. Daga ainihin jaruman da labarinsu ya dade ba a bayyana ba. Daga takun sakar tattalin arziki da addini da ke ci gaba da yin tasiri a yau. Yawon shakatawa na birni ba ya nisanta kansa daga ambaton munanan ayyuka irin su "baje-kolin al'adu." Ba mu waiwaya baya ba; mun dakata da daukar lokaci don nuna cewa an yi mulkin mallaka a garinmu. Cewa mutane sun mutu a garinmu saboda mulkin mallaka. A yin haka, muna yawan zana nassoshi zuwa nan da yanzu.

Tare da wannan yawon shakatawa, muna gayyatar ku da ku kasance tare da mu a cikin tattaunawa, don yin tunani a kan ayyukanku da gudummawar ku ga tsarin mulkin mallaka. Wannan ba game da dora laifi ba ne, sai dai don wayar da kan mutane kan rashin adalci. Sai kawai lokacin da tunaninmu ya yi girma za mu iya yin ƙoƙari don canji.

Wannan rangadin ya gano sunayen titunan mulkin mallaka kamar Kiautschoustraße, Pekingerplatz, da Samoastraße a Berlin-Bikin Bikin aure, tare da gano gadon mulkin mallaka na Jamus a Qingdao, Beijing, da Apia.

Ko da yake yana ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma yana da iyaka, burin Jamusawa na mulkin mallaka a China ya yi tasiri sosai. Hakan ya gaggauta rugujewar daular kasar Sin, ya kuma haifar da yunkurin dalibai wanda ya sauya yanayin kasar Sin.

Sakamakon murkushe kungiyar Yihetuan (1900-1901) da kasashe takwas na kawance suka yi, har ila yau, ya kasance a bayyane a gidajen tarihi na Jamus, inda aka ajiye adadi mai yawa na kayayyakin tarihi masu daraja da aka wawashe daga kasar Sin.

Har ila yau, wannan rangadi zai yi nazari kan alakar da ke tsakanin bangarorin da Jamus ke da tasiri a kasashen Sin da Samoa, da yin nazari kan yadda ake amfani da albarkatun kasa da kuma arha aikin kwadago wanda ya haifar da ribar jari-hujja a Jamus.

An haifi Andrea Jimenez Berroa a Hamburg a shekara ta 1902. Iyayenta sune Margaretha Filter daga Hamburg da ɗan wasan pian na gargajiya na Afro-Cuban José Manuel “Lico” Jiménez Berroa daga Cuba. Tana da shekaru 17, ta auri Alexandre Ndumbe Manga Bell, dan sarkin Duala Rudolf Manga Bell, wanda Turawan mulkin mallaka na Jamus suka kashe a Kamaru shekaru kadan da suka gabata. Andrea Manga Bell daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane da edita a mujallar fasaha ta Nutzgraphik a Berlin, inda ta hadu da marubuci Joseph Roth. Ta tafi gudun hijira tare da shi a Nice da Paris a 1933. Ta zauna kuma ta yi aiki a Faransa har mutuwarta a 1985.

Ba a san labarinta sosai a Jamus ba. Lokacin da motsi na 1968 a Tarayyar Jamus ya yi magana game da wallafe-wallafen gudun hijira a lokacin Socialism na Ƙasa, sha'awar shi ya kasance iyakance ga dangantakarsa da Joseph Roth. An dai ambace ta ne a matsayin matar wani dan siyasar Kamaru kuma abokin wani fitaccen marubuci. Ba a san komai ba game da nasarorin da ta samu a matsayin mai tsara hoto da edita, tasirinta kan aikin Joseph Roth da aikinta a Paris bayan 1945. Sai dai kash, wasu ƴan maganganu ne kawai daga gare ta waɗanda ke fitowa fili.

Wannan rangadin ya yi la'akari da rikice-rikicen da ke tsakanin kasashen Afirka ta Kudu da wariyar launin fata da Jamus. Kamar yadda a bana, kasar Afirka ta Kudu ta amince da cika shekaru 30 da kawo karshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, ya zuwa yanzu malamai, masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, da sauran jama'a a Jamus ke yin tunani kan irin rawar da gwamnatin Jamus ta taka wajen tallafawa 'yancin dan adam. cin zarafi na wariyar launin fata.

An fara wannan rangadin ne da binciken alakar Jamus da Afirka kafin fara mulkin wariyar launin fata a hukumance. Daga nan sai a ci gaba da yin tsokaci kan yadda kawancen siyasa na yakin cacar baka na duniya ya tsara yadda Jamus ta Yamma da Gabashin kasar suka yi mu'amala da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata. Sannan za a duba yadda jami'an diflomasiyya da kamfanoni na Jamus ta Yamma suka goyi bayan wariyar launin fata da kuma yadda Jamus ta Gabas ta taimaka wajen horar da gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya a SA. A karshe dai za ta binciki yunkurin yaki da wariyar launin fata a Jamus ta Yamma.

Tafiyar Eulenburg zuwa Gabashin Asiya (1859-1862), mai suna bayan shugabanta Friedrich Albrecht zu Eulenburg (1815-1881), wanda Prussia ya goyi bayan kuma ya wakilci Ƙungiyar Kwastam ta Jamus , ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin majagaba na dangantakar Jamus da Gabashin Asiya ta zamani.

Manufar ziyarar ita ce kulla huldar diflomasiyya da kasuwanci tsakanin kasashen Jamus da gabashin Asiya, lamarin da ke nuna yadda Jamus ta shiga fagen siyasa da mulkin mallaka a Asiya. Balaguron ya ziyarci Japan, China, da Siam. An kulla yarjejeniyoyin da ba su daidaita ba tare da waɗannan ƙasashe - alama ce ta diflomasiyyar Yammacin Turai a gabashin Asiya a lokacin daular mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka.

Bai kamata a raina muhimmancin wannan balaguron ba. Sakamakon dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin Jamus da Gabashin Asiya ya yi tasiri sosai kan tarihin yanki da na duniya, dangane da mulkin daular Jamus da tsarin zamanantar da Japan da Sin.

Louis Brody dan Kamaru (Bebe M'pessa) ya kasance sanannen mataki kuma dan wasan fim a zamanin Weimar da Nazi. Ko da yake ya kasance a talented actor, kewayon matsayin miƙa masa ya zama ƙarami iyaka, kuma ya zama wani adadi na m sauran ga Jamus masu sauraro. A lokaci guda, Brody ya himmatu wajen yaƙi da hotunan wariyar launin fata na baƙar fata ta hanyar shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin masu adawa da mulkin mallaka da wariyar launin fata da dama a Jamus, ciki har da Afrikanischer Hilfeverein da kuma Ƙungiyar Tsaro ta N * rasse . Har ila yau, gwagwarmayar siyasarsa ta kai ga rubuce-rubuce. A 1930 ya taka leda a cikin revue "Sunrise in the Tomorrowland", wanda ya rubuta da kansa da kuma wanda ya so bikin baƙar fata tarihi da al'adu. Brody ya mutu a Berlin a shekara ta 1951.

Ilimi game da tsire-tsire ya taka muhimmiyar rawa tun farkon fadada turawan mulkin mallaka. Ba kawai zinare mai sheki ba ne ya haifar da mulkin mallaka, har ma da sha'awar samun damar yin amfani da tsire-tsire kai tsaye da aka sani a Turai, kamar barkono, kirfa, nutmeg da sauran kayan yaji. Abin da ake kira "Columbus sakamako" ya fara a 1492? Canjin yanayin muhalli da aikin gona mai girma a bangarorin biyu na Tekun Atlantika, daga baya kuma a duk duniya: musanya da mu'amalar tsiron da ba a san su ba ya canza wurare da dama na al'umma da yawa. Dankali, masara, tumatir, taba da gyada, alal misali, ba a san su ba bayan Amurka. Sabanin haka, babu kurmin kofi ko sikari, albasa ko bishiyar ayaba kamar a Turai, Afirka da Asiya.

Rini, abinci, jin daɗi, magani, gine-gine da yadudduka: tsire-tsire sun kasance kayan albarkatu masu mahimmanci. Wasu, irin su brazilwood ( ibirapitanga a cikin dangin yaren Tupi–Guarani) na gandun daji na gabar tekun Atlantika na Brazil, an yanke su kai tsaye tsakanin 16th da 18th century. Sauran amfanin gona irin su indigo, auduga, taba da kuma sukari sai an noma, kula, girbe da sarrafa su daga bayi daga Afirka a cikin gonaki a Amurka kafin a tura su zuwa biranen Hamburg da Altona mai tashar jiragen ruwa.

A can, ainihin bincike da gano tsire-tsire daga yankunan mulkin mallaka sun tafi tare da sha'awar kasuwanci a cikin tsire-tsire masu riba da yanayin girma. Samun dama da samun ilimin 'yan asalin da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan albarkatun shima ya taka muhimmiyar rawa. Wannan labarin ya ba da haske game da wasu wurare da ke tattare da bullowar tsiro a Hamburg dangane da mulkin mallaka.

Cibiyar Robert Koch (RKI), mai hedikwata a Bikin aure, yanzu ita ce ikon tarayya don kamuwa da cututtuka da marasa yaduwa. A matsayin cibiyar kula da lafiyar jama'a, ya zama sananne ga yawancin jama'a, musamman tun bayan barkewar cutar korona ta 2020.

Sunan cibiyar suna bayan Robert Koch (1843-1910), wanda, tare da Louis Pasteur, ana ɗaukarsa mafi mahimmancin wanda ya kafa ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta na kimiyya. Likitan, masanin ilimin halitta da kuma masanin tsafta ya sami shahara a duniya tare da binciken da ya yi kan anthrax, gano kwayar cutar kwalara da kuma, sama da duka, gano kwayar cutar da ke haifar da tarin fuka.

Ba a san sa hannun Robert Koch a cikin (Jamus) mulkin mallaka ba. Masanin kimiyyar, wanda kuma ake daukarsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa magungunan wurare masu zafi da tsafta a Jamus, ya yi nuni da cewa yaki da cututtuka na wurare masu zafi - musamman ma zazzabin cizon sauro - "zai kasance daidai da cin nasara mafi kyau da albarkatu a duniya a cikinsa." hangen nesa Kwayoyin cuta da mulkin mallaka sun yi mafarki na gama gari: na "sarrafawa" cututtuka irin su "zazzabin wurare masu zafi".

Wannan rubutun wani yanki ne da aka gyara daga littafin "Berlin. Eine postkoloniale Metropole."

A matsayin birni mai tarihin gurguzu, Cottbus yana da alaƙa ta musamman da tarihin mulkin mallaka. Ya bambanta da yawancin garuruwan Yammacin Jamus, an maye gurbin sunayen titunan mulkin mallaka da abubuwan tarihi tun farkon shekarun 1950. Amma duk da haka, a wurare da yawa a cikin birni akwai rashin sake nazarin mulkin mallaka da samar da ilimin da ke tattare da shi - na tarihi da kuma a halin yanzu.

Tashoshin da aka mayar da hankali a ƙasa - ko da yaushe suna amfani da wurare masu mahimmanci a matsayin misalai - daga ayyukan zane-zane, "tattara" ragowar ɗan adam, (ba) tunawa da yaƙe-yaƙe na mulkin mallaka, Prince Pückler ta shiga cikin cinikin bayi, zuwa wuraren shakatawa na yau da kullum, aiki da ƙaura da kuma tashin hankali na wariyar launin fata a cikin 1992 shine abin da suka fi mayar da hankali kan zamantakewa tsakanin mulkin mallaka da kuma mayar da hankali a tsakanin mulkin mallaka. kuma a kan mahimmancin waɗannan alaƙa don fahimtar wariyar launin fata a halin yanzu.

Tashoshin guda ɗaya sun shafi labarun da har yanzu ba a taɓa tunawa da su ba. Kasancewar waɗannan labarun ba safai suke gabatarwa ba na iya nuna cewa duka GDR da FRG na yau ba su ci gaba da yin magana da kuma magance alaƙar da ke tsakanin iko da ilimi a cikin mulkin mallaka ba.

Tun daga karni na 16, an yi safarar mutane kusan miliyan goma sha biyu na Afirka, musamman zuwa kasashen Caribbean, Brazil, da kuma kudancin Amurka, don yin aikin tilastawa a gonaki a can. An kuma kawo mutanen da ake bautar da su zuwa Turai, saboda mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka, da suka hada da yara da matasa, ana daukar su a matsayin alamar matsayi a wajen iyalai masu fada aji da masu hannu da shuni. Aƙalla Baƙar fata 380 ne suka rayu a ƙasashen Jamusanci tsakanin 1600 zuwa 1800.

Ba kasafai ake samun labarin wani da aka yi bauta ba kamar na Yonga, wanda ya zo daga Afirka ta Yamma kuma wani Bajamushe ya saya a Landan a shekara ta 1765 yana ɗan shekara 14. Sa’ad da ya isa kotun Yarima zur Lippe a Detmold a shekara ta 1789 kuma ya iya zama a can a matsayin ɗan ’yanci, ya yi ƙoƙari ya bautar da shi da doka ta shari’a. "Maigida." Yonga da farko ya bukaci a biya shi albashin sa, amma shari'ar ta kuma tabo batun 'yancin dan adam.

An fi sanin ɗan kasuwan Hamburg Caspar Voght a matsayin mai kawo sauyi na rashin taimako da kuma kyakkyawar haɗin kai wanda ya kirkiro Jenischpark a Klein-Flottbek a Hamburg. Duk da haka, ayyukansa na kasuwanci a matsayinsa na ɗan kasuwa ya zuwa yanzu ba su da kulawa sosai. Kuma idan haka ne, to kawai an yi la'akari da maganar Voght kusan karin magana: "Ni ne dan kasuwa na farko na Hamburg da ya fara samun kofi daga Mocha, Toback daga Baltimore, kofi daga Suriname, da kuma roba daga Afirka."

Wannan yawon shakatawa yana nazarin "Tatsuniyar Voght" kuma yana ba da haske game da kasuwancin mulkin mallaka. Musamman ma, an yi nazarin tambayar zuwa wace hanya ce Voght ya shiga cikin cinikin bayi na transatlantic. Wannan kuma yana nuna hulɗar tsarin mulkin mallaka daban-daban a kusa da 1800 da shigar Hamburg da Altona bourgeoisie.

Wasu mahimman bayanai: Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Sanata Caspar Voght babba, Caspar Voght junior ya karbi gidan kasuwancin mahaifinsa a 1781, tare da abokinsa Georg Heinrich Sieveking, wanda ya riga ya yi aiki a can. A hukumance sun canza sunan kamfanin ciniki Voght & Co. zuwa Voght & Sieveking a 1788. Tattalin arzikin Hamburg ya sami babban matsayi a cikin 1780s saboda, bayan juyin juya halin Amurka, yanzu ya sami damar kasuwanci kai tsaye tare da matasan Amurka ba tare da Ingila ba. A cikin 1793, Caspar Voght a hukumance ya janye daga kamfanin ciniki, amma ya ci gaba da gudanar da kasuwanci mai riba tare da Arewacin Amurka. A 1799 Sieveking ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani. Rikicin ciniki a wancan lokacin da Napoleon Continental Blockade tsakanin 1806 da 1814 a ƙarshe ya sa Voght ya bar kasuwancinsa.

Ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba ne aka cika shekaru 136 da fara taron Afirka na Berlin. Don nuna wannan kwanan wata, Al'adun Tunawa da Dekoloniale a al'adar tunawa a cikin birni ya kira taron Afirka Dekoloniale Berlin a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2020, da ƙarfe 2:00 na rana.

An watsa taron kai tsaye daga filin aikin Dekoloniale a Wilhelmstraße 92 a Berlin-Mitte. Filin aikin a Wilhelmstraße 92 yana tsakanin tsoffin wuraren Reich Chancellery da Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Tarayya, wuraren abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin. A shekara ta 1884 jakadun kasashen turai da Amurka da daular Usmania sun hadu a fadar gwamnatin kasar ta Reich bisa gayyatar daular Jamus da jamhuriyar Faransa domin cimma matsaya kan ka'idojin raba mulkin mallaka na nahiyar da kuma yadda ake amfani da Afirka.

A yayin taron Afirka mai cike da tarihi, maza 19 farar fata sun shafe watanni hudu suna daidaita muradun mulkin mallaka a nahiyar Afirka, a yanzu mun kira wani kwamitin yaki da mulkin mallaka wanda ya kunshi mata 19 masu tarihin Afirka. Taron Afirka Dekoloniale Berlin duka shine farkon farkon Al'adun Tunawa da Dekoloniale a al'adar tunawa a cikin birni.

Tare da ƙungiyar daga Al'adun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya Dekoloniale a al'adar tunawa a cikin birni, Tarik Tesfu da mahalarta taron 19.

A ranar Alhamis, Satumba 1, 2022, mun buɗe bikin Dekoloniale 2022 a kudancin Berlin, mai da hankali kan gundumomin Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg, Neukölln, da Tempelhof-Schöneberg. Mun fara a Mariannenplatz kuma a cikin Studio 1 a cikin kwata na fasaha na Bethanien kuma mun binciki yuwuwar 'yanci da juriya na ƙaura na [de] a cikin tarurrukan bita, tattaunawa ta rukuni, wasan kwaikwayo, da wasan kwaikwayo. Kamar yadda a cikin lokacin da aka yi tsakanin taron Afirka na Berlin a 1884/1885 da kwace mulki na Nazi a 1933, waɗannan gundumomin Berlin har yanzu suna da alaƙa da yawancin hanyoyin sadarwa na 'yan wasan zuriyar Afirka waɗanda, duk da tasirin da suke da shi, ba su da tushe a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar haɗin gwiwa ko bayyane a sararin samaniya.

A ranar Juma'a, 2 ga Satumba, mun sadu da baƙi daga tsoffin ƙasashen da Jamus ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a Afirka a Mariannenplatz don taron Decolonial Africa 2022 .

Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan bikin na bana ya kasance musamman kan ayyukan fasaha da ayyukan birane na Dekoloniale Berlin mazaunan 2022 guda uku, da kuma tarihin rayuwar bakin haure da kuma wuraren da ke da alaka da su, wanda muka ziyarta a zaman wani bangare na rangadin birni na yau da kullun a ranar Asabar, 3 ga Satumba.

A ranar Lahadi, 4 ga Satumba, mun kammala bikin Dekoloniale 2022 don musanya tare da abokan aikinmu daga Contemporary And (C&), Berlin Biennale 12 da Gidan Tarihi na Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg.

Bikin Dekoloniale 2021 ya tattara kuma ya nuna jigogi da ke da alaƙa da aikin Dekoloniale gabaɗaya ta hanyar fasaha da gudummawar tattaunawa. A wannan shekara, mun ziyarci Berlin ta Gabas: Tsakanin Oktoba 15 zuwa 17, mun buɗe baje kolin na dindindin da aka sake fasalin "Kallon Baya - Nunin Nunin Mulkin Jamus na Farko na 1896 a Berlin-Treptow" a Gidan Tarihi na Treptow-Köpenick. Mun kuma gabatar da ayyukan fasaha na Mazaunan Dekoloniale Berlin guda uku 2021 ga jama'a kuma mun tattauna ko da kuma yadda za a iya mai da gidan kayan gargajiya.

....

Lura : Idan kuna son kallon bidiyon tare da fassarar magana, zaku iya samun su a cikin mashaya ta ƙasa a ƙarƙashin »CC«, inda zaku iya zaɓar tsakanin fassarar Jamusanci ko Ingilishi.

"[De] Migrations na mulkin mallaka" shine taken bikin Dekoloniale na 2022, inda muka kalli gundumomin Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg da Tempelhof-Schöneberg. Kamar yadda a cikin lokacin da aka yi tsakanin taron Afirka na Berlin a 1884/1885 da kwace mulki na Nazi a 1933, waɗannan gundumomin Berlin har yanzu suna da alaƙa da yawancin hanyoyin sadarwa na 'yan wasan zuriyar Afirka waɗanda, duk da tasirin da suke da shi, ba su da tushe a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar haɗin gwiwa ko bayyane a sararin samaniya.

Tare da Vitjitua Ndjiharine (NAM), Maya Alam (D/USA), da Lulu Jemimah-masu fasaha uku na Dekoloniale Residency 2022-da kuma masana tarihi da masu fafutuka, waɗanda kowannensu ya ba da taƙaitaccen bayani, mun ziyarci muhimman wuraren tarihi na adawa da mulkin mallaka a kudancin Berlin. Bikin ya mayar da hankali ne kan ayyukan fasaha da tsoma bakin birni na Dekoloniale Berlin Mazauna 2022, da kuma wuraren tarihin ƙaura na mulkin mallaka, waɗanda muka ziyarta kuma a cikin tarihin tarihi yayin balaguron balaguron yini na birni.

With: Kwesi Aikins, Dr. Robbie Aitken, Maya Alam, Dr. Imani Tafari Ama, Judith Bauernfeind, Lulu Jemimah, Christian Kopp, Philipp Kojo Metz, Vitjitua Ndjiharine, Maresa Pinto, Anna Yeboah and many more

Daga 14 zuwa 17 ga Satumba, bikin Dekoloniale na 2023 ya mayar da hankali ne musamman kan gundumar Charlottenburg-Wilmerdorf a yammacin Berlin. Bikin ya buɗe tare da ƙaddamar da nunin haɗin gwiwar "Hadda kanku! Black Resistance da Global Anticolonialism a Berlin, 1919-1933" tare da Museum Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf a Villa Oppenheim. Bikin Dekoloniale ya kuma gabatar da taron "Bandung Revis[it] ed" da nunin "AGITP[R] OP!" na Dekoloniale Berlin Residency 2023 a BHROX bauhaus sake amfani. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yawon shakatawa na birnin Dekoloniale , wuraren tarihi da na zamani sun ziyarce su kuma ƙwararrun masana a mahadar kimiyya, fasaha, da fafitika sun ziyarta tare da daidaita su.

A cikin wannan bugu na biyu na Dekoloniale [Re] Visions Think Tank, mun yi magana game da dogon tarihi da sabon halin yanzu na buƙatun ramawa: Ta yaya al'adun tunawa da Afirka na zamani ke siffata kansu a cikin rashin abubuwan al'adunsu da tsarkakakku da ragowar ɗan adam daga yanayin mulkin mallaka? Ta yaya ya zama dole a sake tunani gidan kayan gargajiya a matsayin cibiyar? Ta yaya wannan 'Sabon Gidan Tarihi na Afirka' zai zama wuri mai ɗorewa na maganganu, tunawa, da nunin-tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin jama'a?

A Berlin a lokacin da ake gwabzawa tsakanin kasashen Masar, Siriya, Falasdinawa da sauran daliban Larabawa da dama daga kasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka da yankunan da aka ba su izini suka hadu a jami'o'i. Daga 1923 sun shirya tare a El Arabiya , ƙungiyar ɗaliban Larabawa ta farko a cikin Jamus Reich. Mambobin El Arabiya sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin Turawa tare da goyon bayan yunkurin 'yancin kai a yankunansu na asali daga Berlin. A lokaci guda kuma sun halarci jawabai na karatun mulkin mallaka a cikin laccoci da karawa juna sani kuma sun kafa cibiyoyin ilimi kamar Islama a 1924 ko Cibiyar Islama a 1927.

Sakamakon tashin hankalin 'yan asalin gabas a jami'o'in Berlin ya kwatanta, a gefe guda, yadda zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin mallaka ta yi daidai da sabon yanayin fadada Turai a cikin 1920s. A gefe guda kuma, a bayyane yake cewa babban birnin daular ya ci gaba da zama cibiyar wannan zanga-zangar. Labarin El Arabiya ya nuna irin yadda bakin haure 'yan mulkin mallaka a kasar Jamus suka yi yaki da mulkin mallaka da siffata ra'ayoyin duniya na mulkin mallaka.

Farfagandar mulkin mallaka na Jamus wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Togoland a matsayin "mallakin ƙira". Duk da haka, a tsakanin 1888 zuwa 1902, rahotanni sun nuna cewa jami'an mulkin mallaka da masu gudanar da mulki sun jagoranci balaguron soji sama da sittin a kan al'ummomin yankin. Ana iya samun shaidun laifuffuka, cin zarafi, da kuma sace-sacen da aka yi a yankin arewacin ƙasar a cikin gidajen tarihi na Jamus da yawa. Dubban ganima na kwance a ɗakunan ajiya.

Wannan labarin ya damu da tsohon shugaban tashar mulkin mallaka a Sansanné-Mango, Friedrich Rigler, da balaguron da ya yi a kan mulkin Dagbon a 1900. Wannan mutumin, har yanzu ana lakafta shi a matsayin "mai tarawa" a cikin bayanan tarihin gidan kayan gargajiya, ya ƙone garuruwa da ƙauyuka, ya aikata laifukan yaki, da kuma yin amfani da manyan gidajen tarihi na Jamus don aika da gidajen tarihi fiye da yadda aka tura Jamus. saukar da.

Gargadi: Wannan gudunmawar ta fito ne daga rumbun adana bayanai masu dauke da yaren wariyar launin fata na Turawan mulkin mallaka wadanda suka bayyana, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, satar ragowar kakanni da kuma wulakanta kaburbura. Hakanan yana nuna kayan tarihi masu yuwuwar hali mai tsarki.

A cikin ƙaramin garin Sauerland na Frönsberg kusa da Hemer a Westphalia, akwai "Titin Von Romberg." Alamar da ke ƙarƙashin sunan titi ta bayyana cewa wannan yana girmama "babban ɗan kasuwa mai nasara." Abin da ba a ambata ba, shine sunan titi, Baron Friedrich von Romberg (1729-1819), mai yiwuwa shine babban dillalin bawa na Jamus da mai shuka shuka na karni na 18.

Lokacin da aka shigar da alamar a kusa da 1982, ayyukan Romberg a cikin mulkin mallaka da cinikin bayi an san su ne kawai ga wasu masana. A yau, tarihin Romberg, wanda ya tashi ya zama dan kasuwa a duniya, kuma, a wani lokaci, mai yiwuwa mutumin da ya fi kowa kudi a Turai - kuma ya yi asarar dukiyarsa bayan 'yancin kai na Haiti - shi ma sananne ne a yankinsa.

Labari mai zuwa yana bin diddigin aikin ɗan kasuwa daga Sauerland, yana mai da hankali kan rawar da ya taka a cinikin bayi na ƙarni na 18.

A Potsdam, ana ci gaba da sake gina hasumiya na cocin garrison: aikin da aka shafe shekaru talatin ana gwabzawa, tun da cocin ya tsaya kan alakar coci da tarihin soja kamar babu wani a Jamus. A cikin bazara 2020, Gidauniyar Garrison Church ta gabatar da ra'ayi don nunin dindindin. Ko ayyukan gidauniyar sun yi adalci ga gadon Ikklisiya mai nauyi, batun muhawara ne mai zafi.

Wani ɓangare na wannan gadon shine aikin fastoci guda biyu a cikin cocin garrison dangane da murkushe Yìhétuán Yùndòng - "Motsi na Ƙungiyoyi don Adalci da Jiha" - a cikin abin da ake kira Yaƙin dambe a China da kuma lokacin kisan kare dangi na Ovaherero da Nama a cikin "Jamus- Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma", Namibiya ta yau.

Limaman nan biyu sun yi zamani. Johannes Kessler , an haife shi a shekara ta 1865, shi ne limamin kotu da limamin garrison a Potsdam daga 1893. Max Schmidt, wanda ya girmi shekara guda, ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin limamin garrison a 1906 da kuma limamin kotu a 1908.

An ƙirƙiri wannan labarin ne tare da haɗin gwiwar "Lernort Garrison Church", wanda ya yi ƙarin bincike kan gadon mulkin mallaka na Cocin Garrison da "Ranar Potsdam".

Zamanin da Jamus ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a Kamaru, ba wai tarihin amfani da kayan masarufi da al'adu kadai ba ne, har ma da tarihin mamayar sojoji da tashe-tashen hankula. Tsakanin 1884 zuwa 1914, an gudanar da yaƙe-yaƙe na zalunci fiye da 180 a "Jamus Kamaru." Ya kamata sojoji su "bude" yankin da ake so ta hanyar yaki, don haka ya ba da damar abin da ake kira "ci gaba." Duk da tashin hankalin da suka yi, an nuna sojoji a cikin littattafan mulkin mallaka a cikin salon soyayya da farfaganda a matsayin "majagaba" wasu ma a matsayin "basirar mulkin mallaka."

Wannan kayan aikin soja, wanda ya shuka wulakanci, mutuwa, da barna, wani lokaci yakan fuskanci shan kashi da ita kanta mutuwa. Al’amarin jami’in mulkin mallaka Hermann Nolte ya kwatanta hakan. Hakanan yana nuna yadda al'ummar da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka suka riƙe irin waɗannan lokuta na nasarar juriya a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyarsu tare da sanya su cikin ainihin su.

Bayan ya kammala horar da shi a matsayin laftanal a Jamus a shekara ta 1889, Hermann Nolte ya shiga cikin "Schutztruppe" (Rundunar kariya) na mulkin mallaka na Kamaru. Bayan ya shiga yaƙe-yaƙe masu zubar da jini na mallaka, an aika shi zuwa Banyo a 1902 don ya kafa mukamin soja. A can ne Sarkin Musulmi Oumarou mai tawaye ya kashe shi.

Kabarin Hermann Nolte yana nan a Banyo har yau - kamar yadda kabarin Oumarou yake. Dukkan kaburburan biyu suna cikin tsari mai mahimmanci na tunawa (da gasa) na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Jamus a Kamaru.

Shekaru uku masu mahimmanci a cikin 1930s Hamburg ne hedkwatar Gwamnatin Tarayyar Kasa da Kasa ta Kasa da Kasa George Pundmore, wanda zai zama daya daga cikin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mulkin mallaka na zamani kuma daga baya daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan Pan-African. Hamburg ya kasance ba kawai hedkwatar ITUCNW ba amma kuma wurin da aka fara taron kasa da kasa na Ma'aikatan Negro , kusan an manta da shi amma mai matukar mahimmancin taron Pan-African, wanda aka gudanar a cikin birni a cikin 1930, kuma an shirya shi a ƙarƙashin kulawar Red. Ƙungiyoyin Ma'aikata na Ƙasashen Duniya (RILU), ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Duniya sau da yawa ana kiranta Profintern .

Wannan Hamburg ba kawai gidan Ernst Thälmann, shugaban jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Jamus ba ne, har ma na wata ƙungiya ce da ke neman ƙarfafa gwiwar ma'aikata a duk faɗin Afirka da ƴan ƴan gudun hijira don samun 'yanci da kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka, wariyar launin fata da mulkin mallaka. tsarin jihohi.

An haifi Padmore a Trinidad amma harkokin siyasarsa da suka fara a Amurka, sun kai shi Moscow, Paris, London da Manchester, kuma ya yi karshen rayuwarsa a Accra na Ghana.

A yau, Gibeon (!Khaxa-tsûs) gunduma ce a cikin yankin Hardap a Kudancin Namibiya tare da mazaunan c- 4000, mai nisan kilomita 70 kudu da babban birnin yankin Mariental, kusa da Babban Kogin Kifi, hanyar ruwa na yanayi tare da a wasu lokuta ambaliya mai ban mamaki. A matsayin zama na dindindin, Gibeon ya koma 1863 lokacin da Kaptein Kido (Cupido) Witbooi na /Khosesen ya zauna a can. Bayan abubuwan ban mamaki na ƙarshen karni ^{na 19} , Gibeon ya zama babban birni a ƙarƙashin ikon mulkin mallaka na Jamus kuma mazaunin Kaptein Hendrik Witbooi (Auta !Nanseb) lokacin da ikon mulkin mallaka na Jamus ya tilasta masa shiga cikin 'yarjejeniyar kariya'. a 1894. A cikin 1904, Gibeon ita ce farkon yakin Nama-Jamus (1904-1908).

Bayan kisan kiyashin, Nama zai iya komawa sannu a hankali bayan yakin, kuma a karkashin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu (1915-1990) Witbooi ya sake samun gindin zama a cikin Krantzplatz Reserve da ke kusa da garuruwan Gibeon zuwa Arewa. A cikin wannan dogon lokaci, sun yi tsayin daka da ƙwaƙƙwaran damar da aka ba su don kare haɗin kan al'umma. A cikin 1970s, tare da bin manyan shugabannin Nama ga SWAPO, Gibeon ya zama 'babban birnin Kudu' don gwagwarmayar 'yanci. Ita ce muhimmiyar cibiyar karatu.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai, an shigar da mazaunin cikin karamar hukuma da kuma tsakiyar mazabar Majalisar Yankin Hardap. Ya kasance babban birnin gargajiya na /Khowesen.

An bude gidan tarihi na mulkin mallaka na Jamus a shekara ta 1899 a yanzu shine babban tashar jirgin kasa na Berlin, wanda a da ake kira Lehrter Bahnhof. Manufar gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda ke samun goyon bayan zauren 'yan mulkin mallaka, shi ne don zaburar da "jama'a" ga mulkin mallaka na Jamus.

An rufe gidan kayan tarihi a shekara ta 1915, jim kadan bayan barkewar yakin duniya na farko, saboda dalilai na kudi.

Wannan rubutun wani yanki ne da aka gyara daga littafin "Berlin. A Postcolonial Metropolis."

A cikin 1960s, GDR ya fara daukar ma'aikatan kwangila daga kasashen da ake kira 'yan'uwan gurguzu kamar Vietnam, Cuba, Aljeriya, Angola, Poland, Bulgaria da Mozambique don biyan bukatun aiki. A cikin 1979, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da Mozambique wanda ya samar da yanayin daukar ma'aikata kusan 20,000 Mozambik a cikin kamfanoni daban-daban na GDR, galibi a samar da kayayyaki.

"Hakika tsarin gurguzu da ake da shi" ya fi damuwa da aiki: ana iya tilastawa gawarwakin da ba su da amfani su koma ƙasashensu na asali. An kori mutanen da suka kasa yin aiki saboda tabin hankali, munanan raunuka ko ciki. Wannan ba wai kawai ya dace da dabarun jari-hujja ba ne kawai wanda jikin kawai ke samun kima ta hanyar samar da kayan aiki, amma kuma yana wakiltar dangantakar mulkin mallaka da na uba wanda aka yi wa gawawwakin mutanen wariyar launin fata, musamman na mata masu wariyar launin fata, fuskantar matakan rashin tausayi don tilasta yin aiki.

Ziyarar da ke tafe game da labarin su ne. An samo asali ne daga sassa daban-daban na tattaunawa da hira da masu fafutuka na Mozambique Ana Raquel Masoio, Ana Manganhela, Julia Simbine, Leia, Augusta José Macandua da Judite Armando, na Associação das Mulheres Feministas Mocambicanas Regressadas da Alemanha na Jamus Regressadas da Alemanha (AMFMRA Women's Regression of Germany). Sun nuna yadda tsarin kabilanci da wariyar launin fata a Mozambique da GDR ke ci gaba da tantance rayuwar wadannan mata har yau - da kuma yadda suke kare kansu daga gare su.

Kasuwanci mai riba a cikin saltpeter ya fara ga 'yan kasuwa na Hamburg a farkon 1880s. Sun kuma shiga aikin hakar ma'adinan. Desert Atacama ya ƙunshi manyan adibas na saltpeter, wani ma'adinai da ya ƙunshi sodium da potassium nitrate. Ya dace da taki da kuma samar da foda da abubuwan fashewa.

Kafin 1879, arewacin Atacama Desert na Bolivia da Peru ne. Dukansu ƙasashen sun ba da lasisi ga kamfanonin Burtaniya da Jamus don hakar ma'adinan gishiri tun a shekarun 1850 kuma suna ƙoƙarin samar da gishirin da gwamnati ta tsara. A daya hannun kuma, Chile ta bi manufofin masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Lokacin da Peru ta mamaye masana'antar gishiri kuma ta dage kan tsarin kasuwanci na gishiri, kuma Bolivia kuma ta kara yawan harajin fitar da kayayyaki kan gishiri, "Yakin Saltpeter" ya barke tsakanin kasashen uku daga 1879 zuwa 1884. Ya haifar da dakatarwar yankunan saltpeter na Peruvian na Arica da Tarapacá zuwa Chile a cikin 1883. Bolivia ta rasa hanyar shiga teku.

Ta haka ne Chile ta zama kan gaba wajen kera saltpeter a duniya kuma ’yan kasuwar Hamburg da dama sun kaura zuwa wurin kasuwancinsu bayan da suka yi ciniki a cikin kayayyakin guano da suka kare daga Peru sun daina kawo ribar da ake so.

A cikin karni na 19, an sami dangantakar kasuwanci tsakanin Hamburg da Peru, wanda ya zama mai cin gashin kansa a 1821, wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban Hamburg. Guano danyen abu ya taka rawa ta musamman. Wani taki ne da aka yi shi daga busasshiyar tsuntsun teku, kasusuwa da kwai. Miliyoyin tsuntsayen teku suna gida a kan ƙananan tsibiran guano kusa da bakin teku. Suna samun abincinsu a cikin yalwar kifi a cikin sanyi Humboldt Current. Kalmar guano ( huanu ) ta fito ne daga yaren Quechua kuma tana nufin "taki" ko "taki".

Shi ne mai binciken Alexander von Humboldt (1769 – 1859) wanda a lokacin zamansa a Peru a shekara ta 1802, ya aika da samfurin guano na farko daga tsibiran Chincha zuwa Turai don bincike. Binciken ya nuna cewa suna dauke da sinadarin nitrogen mai yawa, fiye da kowane taki da aka sani a yau a Turai.

Ci gaban masana'antu na Turai, wanda ya fara a karni na 19, yana buƙatar haɓaka yawan amfanin gona don ciyar da yawan jama'a a birane. Abubuwan da ke cikin guano na Peruvian - potassium, nitrogen da gishirin phosphorus - sun dace da shawarar da aka ba da shawarar takin filayen. Babban buƙatun guano na Peruvian a cikin kasuwancin duniya wanda ya fara a cikin 1840 ya haifar da raguwar ajiyar guano gaba ɗaya a cikin manyan tsibirai uku mafi girma, tsibiran Chincha, cikin shekaru arba'in.

Labarin rayuwar dan kasar Kamaru Heinrich Sam Dibonge ya nuna irin tasirin da mulkin mallaka da sakamakonsa ke ci gaba da yi a rayuwar Bakar fata maza da mata da suka shiga tsakanin Afirka ta mulkin mallaka da Jamus. An haife shi a cikin babban iyali a Douala, Kamaru a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Jamus. Dibonge, kamar da yawa daga cikin tsararrakinsa ’yan mulkin mallaka ne suka koyar da su kafin ya shiga hidimar wani ɗan kasuwan Jamus. Wannan ya kawo shi Jamus a lokuta da dama, ciki har da watannin da suka gabata kafin barkewar yakin duniya na farko. A karshen yakin Dibonge ya makale sosai a Hamburg - bai sake komawa Douala ba kuma bai sake ganin matarsa 'yar Kamaru da danginsa ba.

Batun mulkin mallaka na Jamus, ba ɗan ƙasa ba kafin 1914, a bayan yaƙin Jamus, wacce ba ta mallaki daular ketare ba, Dibonge yanzu ya kasance marar ƙasa. A cikin mawuyacin yanayi ya yi yaƙi don ƙirƙirar rayuwa a Jamus. A sakamakon yakin ya sami nasara a matsayin ƙwararren ma'aikaci tare da Theodor Zeise, ya sake yin aure, kuma yana da alaƙa da sauran al'ummar Baƙar fata a Jamus. A lokaci guda kuma, ya yi zaman kurkuku kuma an cire shi daga zama ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Bayan kwace mulki na Nazi halin da Dibonge ke ciki da na matarsa Bajamushe ya tabarbare cikin sauri kuma ma'auratan sun fuskanci wariya da tashin hankali.

Hu Lanqi dan kasar Sin dan gwagwarmayar siyasa ne wanda ya rayu a Berlin tsakanin 1929 zuwa 1933. A Berlin ta kasance mai ƙwazo a cikin ƙungiyoyin gurguzu kuma ta yi yaƙi da daular Japan a China. Saboda ayyukanta na siyasa, Jam'iyyar Socialist ta kasa ta kama ta a shekara ta 1933 kuma aka tsare ta a kurkukun mata na Berlin. Ta rubuta jerin kasidu game da zamanta kuma ta shahara a fannin gurguzu da na adabi.

Komawa kasar Sin, an nada Hu a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Janar na kasar Sin, kuma ya shirya tawagar mata. Duk da haka, bayan da 'yan gurguzu suka hau kan karagar mulki, an rarraba shi a matsayin "mai ra'ayin dama" a cikin 1957 kuma an sake gyara shi a cikin 1970s kawai. Hu ya mutu a shekara ta 1994 a garinsu na Chengdu.

A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar yaki da mulkin mallaka, dalibi kuma dan gurguzu, Hu ya gudanar da rayuwa ta kasa-da-kasa kuma ya yi aiki tare da manyan 'yan wasa a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar kwaminisanci mai adawa da mulkin mallaka na zamanin tsaka-tsaki.

Ganyayyaki masu tsayi na isigude ko Strelitzia reginae sun yi kama da na ayaba, kuma furen su shine abin da ya burge mutane a duniya tsawon shekaru aru-aru: siffarsu tana tunawa da kan tsuntsu mai haske mai ruwan lemu-blue. Don haka ana kuma san shi da furen furen aljanna, furen aku ko furen crane. Fure mai kyan gani.

Ya fito ne daga Afirka ta Kudu kuma rarrabawar ta a duk duniya yana da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwar mulkin mallaka da ƙarfin ikon duniya: suna da masu ilimin botanists na Turai suka kira bayan Sarauniyar Birtaniya Charlotte na House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, nomansa da amfani da wakilinsa sun ba da shaida ga hadaddun matakai waɗanda ke da alaƙa. zuwa fadada daular, bincike, diflomasiyya, yawon shakatawa da yanke masana'antar furanni, kishin gida da kishin kasa.

Strelitzia na siyasa ne kuma wannan yawon shakatawa yana gano wuraren da kuma waɗanne mutane suke takawa da kuma irin darajar alama da aka danganta ta a wurare daban-daban a lokaci.

Har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1950 mutumin Togo Amemenjong, wanda aka fi sani da Joseph Garber, ya zauna a Berlin kusan shekaru hamsin. Rayuwarsa da ta ’ya’yansa da aka haifa a Berlin sun kwatanta yadda rayuwar Bakar fata Jamus ta kasance ta hanyar mulkin mallaka da abubuwan da suka gada daga baya kuma ta hanyar tsarin launin fata na Nazis.

Daular ce ta kawo Garber zuwa Jamus. Da farko a cikin 1891 ya zo ne saboda dalilai na ilimi sannan a 1896 ya zo don nuna shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na gidan zoo na ɗan adam da aka shirya a baje kolin mulkin mallaka na Jamus na farko a Berlin-Treptow. A karshen bikin baje kolin ya yanke shawarar zama, inda ya samu horo a matsayin dinki, ya kuma yi wa sojojin kasar Jamus rigunan yaki a lokacin yakin duniya, kafin a kira shi yaki. A Berlin-Neukölln ya yi aure a shekara ta 1910, ya fara iyali, kuma ya yi nasarar yin tela na maza har zuwa Babban Mawuyacin hali.

Ba wani ɗan ƙasar Jamus ba, kawai batun mulkin mallaka na Jamus, ƙarshen daular Jamus ya bar Yusufu da 'ya'yansa ba su da ƙasa. Wannan rashin kariyar doka ya sa iyalin suka ƙara yin rauni da zarar Nazis ya hau kan mulki. Kamar duk mazauna Baƙar fata, Yusufu da ’ya’yansa da suka manyanta yanzu an ware su kuma ana fuskantar ƙarin wariya. An kama Yusufu sau da yawa saboda rashin takaddun shaida, yayin da 'ya'yansa ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai su lalata rayuwa ta hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki da kuma fina-finan farfagandar Nazi da ke ɗaukaka mulkin mallaka a baya.

Yusufu da ’ya’yansa sun tsira daga mulkin Nazi. A cikin bayan-1945 duk 'yan'uwan Garber hudu sun bar Jamus kuma sun nemi gina sababbin rayuwa a wani wuri.

Daular Massaquoi muhimmiyar iyali ce mai daraja daga Afirka ta Yamma. Iyalin na kabilar Vai ne, wata al’umma da ke cikin jihohin Saliyo da Laberiya a yanzu. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasa da tattalin arziki a tarihin mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka na yammacin Afirka.

Saboda dangantakar siyasa da diflomasiyyar Jamhuriyar Weimar da Laberiya a farkon karni na 20, wani reshe na dangin Massaquoi ya zo birnin Hamburg mai tashar jiragen ruwa. Mutanen tsakiyar su ne jami'in diflomasiyya Momolu Massaquoi (1869-1938), 'yarsa Fatima Massaquoi (1904-1978) da jikansa Hans-Jürgen Massaquoi (1926-2013).

Rayuwarsu tana nuna manyan sauye-sauyen da Jamus ta samu a cikin karni na 20 - daga tarzomar Jamhuriyar Weimar zuwa munin gurguzu na 'yan gurguzu na kasa zuwa dangantakar da ke tsakanin Tarayyar Turai a bayan yakin. Kowannen su ya ba da gudummawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban ga tarihin al'ummomin Afirka tare da ba da gudummawar tarihi a fannin diflomasiyya, ilimi da adabi. Ayyukanta sun ba da mahimman bayanai game da tarihin baƙar fata a Laberiya, Jamus da Amurka. A yau, ana ganin ’yan uwa a matsayin abin koyi don ƙarfafa baƙar fata.

Labarin rayuwar dan Kamaru Jacob N'dumbe da 'yarsa haifaffen Berlin Martha sun nuna babban kalubalen da maza da mata bakar fata suke fuskanta idan suna son gina rayuwa a Jamus kafin 1945. Asalinsa Yakubu ya zo Jamus ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Kamaru da ke halartar baje kolin ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Berlin a shekarar 1896. Yayin da yawancin mutanen zamaninsa suka koma gida bayan an kammala baje kolin, ya zaɓi ya zauna a Berlin kuma daga ƙarshe ya zauna a can. Ya yi horo a matsayin maƙeri, ya yi aure kuma ya yi iyali. An haifi 'yarsa Marta a shekara ta 1902.

Rashin kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki da karuwar zamantakewa da siyasa ya haifar da rayuwar mutanen biyu: An hana Yakubu zama dan kasar Jamus a lokacin daular Jamus, yana da matsalolin samun aikin dindindin kuma aurensa ya rabu. Duk wannan ya shafi lafiyar kwakwalwarsa. Martha kuma ta sami wahalar samun abin rayuwa kuma ta koma ƙaramar laifuka da karuwanci. ’Yan Nazi sun yi la’akari da ita a matsayin “social”, daga baya aka saka ta a kurkuku a sansanin taro na Ravensbrück, inda ta mutu a cikin Fabrairu 1945.

Birnin Hamburg ya bude karamin ofishin jakadanci a Canton a shekara ta 1829, da kuma wani a Shanghai a 1852, tare da Bremen da Lübeck. Tare da yakin Opium guda biyu (1839-1842 da 1856-1860) tsakanin kasar Sin a daya bangaren da Birtaniya, Faransa da sauran kasashen Turai a daya bangaren, masu mulkin mallaka sun samu damar shiga tashoshin jiragen ruwa na kasar Sin da dama. Har ila yau, sun tilasta shigo da maganin opium kyauta, da ƙetare yankuna da sauran hani da yawa kan ikon mallakar kasar Sin. Gabaɗaya, tasirin ƙasashen yamma a China ya ƙaru. Wannan kuma ya haɗa da aikin wa’azi na Kirista. A shekara ta 1898, daular Jamus ta tilastawa gwamnatin Qing ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta Qingdao ("Tsingtau") a lardin Shandong.

Tsingtau ya girma daga ƙauyen masu kamun kifi zuwa birni na zamani sosai a lokacin. Duk da haka, nuna wariya da zalunci su ne tsarin yau da kullum. An fara adawa da mulkin mallaka a farkon karni. Yìhétuán Yùndòng (“Movement of Associations for Justice and Harmony” (義和團運動)) ta dauki mataki a kan tasirin mulkin mallaka na Kirista mishaneri da wakilan jihohin Yamma a lardin Shandong. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun kira wannan motsi da "Boxer Rebellion," wanda gawawwakin sojoji tare da sojoji daga kasashe takwas karkashin babban kwamandan Alfred von Waldersee na Jamus suka murkushe su a shekara ta 1900.

A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, daular Jamus ta yi asarar "mallaka" a kasar Sin. A matsayin "kofar duniya", Hamburg kuma ta shiga cikin wannan labarin. Tashoshi masu zuwa suna nuna wasu wurare da ke da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka na Jamus a China.

Injiniyan gine-gine, tsohon soja, mawaƙa, raye-raye, mai yin fim da wasan kwaikwayo, mai adawa da mulkin mallaka da wariyar launin fata, Pan-Africanist, da Communist - ɗan Kamaru Joseph Ekwe Bilé duk waɗannan abubuwa ne da ƙari. Ba tare da shakka Bilé ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fafutukar siyasa baƙar fata na tushen Jamus na zamanin Weimar. Shigarsa mai ƙwazo a cikin haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashen duniya na Kwaminisanci da Pan-Africanism yana ba da murya ga al'ummar Baƙar fata ta Jamus. Ya ba da hadin kai da fitattun masu fafutuka na bakar fata irin su George Padmore, Tiemoko Garan Kouyate, James Ford da Jomo Kenyatta, inda ya fito fili ya yi tir da tashin hankalin dauloli na Turai tare da neman daidaito ga Bakar fata a duniya. A lokaci guda, ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ya raba matakin wasan kwaikwayo tare da taurarin Black Black na duniya Josephine Baker a Vienna da Paul Robeson a Berlin.

Ƙaunar albarkatun ƙasa da tsammanin samun riba mai yawa ya sa 'yan kasuwa da 'yan kasuwa na Jamus su zuba jari a cikin kasuwancin mulkin mallaka. Domin yin amfani da tattalin arzikin yankunan ketare da ƙirƙirar sabbin kasuwannin tallace-tallace, sun kafa kamfanoni. Sun sami filaye, an kafa gonaki da sarrafa su, an gina layin dogo da hako albarkatun ƙasa. Yawancin waɗannan kasuwancin Jamus kafin mulkin mallaka da na mulkin mallaka, sufuri, aikin gona, ma'adinai da kamfanonin shuka sun kasance a Berlin, Hamburg ko Bremen. Amma 'yan kasuwa, 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu suma sun saka hannun jari a ayyukan tattalin arziƙin mulkin mallaka a wajen manyan birane da manyan biranen tashar jiragen ruwa - ciki har da Rhineland da Westphalia.

Wadannan al'ummomi sun ba da gudummawa sosai wajen cin gajiyar mulkin mallaka da kuma zaluntar dubban dubban mutane. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun ɗauka cewa ƴan asalin ƙasar za su kasance masu aiki a matsayin arha. Duk da haka, tun da yake a aikace yana da wuya a ɗauki isassun mutane don yin aiki tuƙuru a kan gonaki, a cikin ma'adanai da kuma gina layin dogo, yawancin ƴan asalin ƙasar kan tilasta musu yin aiki ta hanyar shigar da haraji ko kuma ta hanyar tilastawa. Hukuncin jikin mutum ya kasance na doka a yankunan. An kuma dauki ma'aikatan kwangiloli daga kasar Sin ko wasu kasashen Asiya, wadanda ake kira coolies, wadanda suka yi aiki karkashin yanayi na rashin jin dadi.

Amfanin amfanin gona da ke da fa'ida don kasuwancin mulkin mallaka an noma su ne a cikin nau'ikan shuka iri ɗaya. sare itatuwa ya haifar da dawwamammen halakar yanayi.

Labari mai zuwa yana ba da haske kan inda 'yan kasuwa na Rhenish da Westphalian, 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu suka shiga cikin cin gajiyar albarkatun ƙasa da arha aiki.

Ƙoƙarin mulkin mallaka na daular Jamus a ƙarshen karni na 19 ya inganta bayanin ilimi, oda da taswirar yankuna, harsuna da ƙungiyoyin mutane.

A cikin wannan mahallin, fannonin karatun Afirka, karatun Larabci (“Cibiyar Gabas”), ethnology da geography sun sami damar kafa kansu a matsayin cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu a Jami'ar Leipzig a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Ayyukan kimiyya sau da yawa na nuna son kai ya ba da gudummawa ga gina wariyar launin fata na "baƙon waje". Yayin da ra'ayoyi masu ma'ana game da "Gabas," "Afirka," da rarrabuwar kabilanci na kungiyoyin 'yan adam suka yi katutu, rage darajar al'adun da ba na Turai ba ya zama al'adar zamantakewa. Za a iya amfani da ilimin da aka samu a cikin binciken kimiyya da ake zaton za a iya amfani da shi don yada akidar "fararen fifiko" don haka don tabbatar da rabon mulkin mallaka.

Ko da yake an yi ta tambaya da sarrafa ilimin da ’yan mulkin mallaka suka yi na tsawon shekaru da yawa, abin da ya gada daga wannan al’adar ilimi na ci gaba da yin tasiri a yau – kuma a Leipzig.

Daga 1884 zuwa 1915, daular Jamus ta kasance mulkin mallaka a ƙasar Namibiya a yanzu. Tun farko dai kungiyoyin al'umma daban-daban a wurare daban-daban sun yi yaki da mulkin mallaka da fadada yankunan, yayin da wasu ke kokarin ganin sun cimma matsaya da mulkin mallaka. A cikin Janairun 1904, ƙungiyoyin OvaHerero da OvaMbanderu sun kare kansu tare da yin tsayayya da satar filaye da dabbobi gami da ƙara wariyar launin fata na gwamnati da shari'a. Sun kai hari gonaki da dama, inda suka kashe mazajen Jamus kusan 140, amma sun ba da damar shiga cikin aminci ga mata da yara. Sun kuma kai hari kan ababen more rayuwa na Turawan mulkin mallaka tare da lalata hanyoyin jirgin kasa da sandunan telegraph.

Gwamna da babban kwamandan Lothar von Trotha sun ba da umarnin kashe OvaHerero a watan Oktoba 1904 da kuma a cikin Afrilu 1905 na Nama, wanda kuma ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar a ƙarshen 1904. Babu takamaiman alkalumman, amma ƙididdigar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun nuna cewa har zuwa kashi 80 cikin 100 na OvaHerero kuma an kashe rabin na Nama. Turawan mulkin mallaka ne suka kwace musu filayensu sannan suka sayar wa Jamusawa mazauna. A cikin wannan lokaci, sojojin Jamus 'yan mulkin mallaka ma sun yi kisan kiyashi da kisan kiyashi a kan dubban San da Damara.

Hamburg ya kasance kuma yana da alaƙa da wannan kisan kare dangi: Kamfanoni da bankunan Hamburg sun saka hannun jari a cikin ganimar mulkin mallaka kuma sun sami riba daga mulkin mallaka. Har wala yau, birnin na girmama masu aikata laifin mulkin mallaka. Haka nan kuma akwai mutanen da suka jajirce wajen ganin sun daidaita abubuwan da suka faru a baya, da neman gafara da ramuwa, masu fafutukar ganin an samu kyakkyawar al'ada ta tunawa. Wannan labarin ya haɗu da wasu muhimman wurare, yunƙuri da abubuwan da suka faru a Namibiya, Hamburg da Amurka.

Ana amfani da sunayen titi don daidaitawa a cikin sararin samaniya, amma kuma suna cika ayyukan tunawa na siyasa: Ta hanyar sanya wa tituna sunan mutane, wurare ko abubuwan da suka faru, ana girmama su kuma an kafa su a cikin haɗin gwiwar jama'ar birni. Don haka a ko da yaushe suna bayyana tarihin tarihi ta mahangar waɗanda ke da ko suke da ikon yanke shawara kan sunayen titina.

Shekaru da dama ana ta cece-kuce daga kungiyoyin farar hula game da sunayen tituna da ke girmama ’yan fim ko ayyukan wariyar launin fata. A matsayinka na mai mulki, mahimmancin mahallin (misali ta hanyar alamun bayyanawa) kuma, a cikin matsanancin hali, ana buƙatar sake suna don waɗannan, saboda tashin hankali na mulkin mallaka da raini ga ɗan adam bai kamata a ɗaukaka shi a cikin birni ba.

Wannan kuma ya shafi Leipzig, domin a nan ma akwai sunayen tituna da yawa da ke nuna yadda birnin ke da hannu cikin wariyar launin fata na mulkin mallaka. Ya bambanta da garuruwan Jamus ta Yamma, titunan da dama da ke da asalin mulkin mallaka an riga an canza musu suna a zamanin GDR. Tun da an cire alamun a hankali, ba a gudanar da cikakken nazarin tarihin mulkin mallaka a Gabashin Jamus ba.

Dangane da batun canza suna a tituna, akwai kuma damar canja ra'ayi daga masu yin ta'addanci zuwa wadanda aka yi wa mulkin mallaka a da, ta yadda za a iya ganin adawa da mulkin mallaka da akidun 'yan mulkin mallaka. An adana tarihin mulkin mallaka da tarihin sunan, amma a baya 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma labarun da ba a iya gani ba sun shiga cikin wayar da kan jama'a. Wani madadin sunan Ernst-Pinkert-Strasse da aka keɓe ga wanda ya kafa gidan Zoo na Leipzig shine Hassan Essahas, wanda ya mutu daga ciwon huhu a 1906 a lokacin "nunawar mutane" a cikin gidan Zoo na Leipzig.

An haifi Liao Huanxing dan kwaminisanci na kasar Sin a birnin Hengyang na lardin Hunan a shekarar 1895, kuma ya shiga sabuwar jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) yana da shekaru 27. Daga 1922 zuwa 1928 ya zauna a Berlin, inda, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren ofishin wakilin jam'iyyar jama'ar kasar Sin - Kuomintang (KMT). Godiya ga kyakkyawan iliminsa na Jamusanci, ya yi sauri ya yi hulɗa tare da 'yan gurguzu na Jamus. Liao ya zama babban jigo a majalisar dokokin Brussels na kungiyar yaki da zaluncin mulkin mallaka , daga baya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kamfanin dillancin labarai na kasar Sin .

Bayan jayayya da mai shela na gurguzu Willi Münzenberg ya ta’azzara, ya tafi Moscow da iyalinsa. A can, an kama Liao tare da matarsa, ma'aikaciyar Jamus Dora Liao-Dombrowski, a lokacin zalunci na Stalinist da kisan mutane da aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin "marasa aminci" a siyasance a 1938 kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin aikata laifuka a sansanonin Siberian. Liao ya rasu a shekarar 1964 bayan ya koma kasar Sin.

A matsayinsa na "masanin juyin juya hali" ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga gwagwarmayar 'yan mulkin mallaka da na mulkin mallaka a cikin hidimar kwaminisanci na kasa da kasa (Comintern). Tarihin Liao ya yi daidai da haɓakawa da faɗuwar cibiyoyin sadarwa na yaƙi da mulkin mallaka na duniya a Berlin a shekarun 1920.

Don baje kolin mulkin mallaka na Jamus na farko daga ranar 1 ga Mayu zuwa 15 ga Oktoba, 1896, Ofishin Harkokin Waje ya ɗauki mutane 106 daga yankunan mulkin mallaka kuma ya kawo su Jamus don gabatar da su ga jama'ar Berlin a wani "baje kolin kabilanci" na wariyar launin fata. Daga cikinsu akwai Maasai 17 daga Gabashin Afirka: maza bakwai, mata biyar da yara biyar. Su ne Maasai na farko a Turai.

A ƙarshen karni na 19, Maasai suna da suna a Turai a matsayin "masu daraja" amma "marasa tausayi" mayaƙa. Don nishadantar da masu sauraro na Berlin, dole ne su kai hare-hare na kisan kai a kan wasu kungiyoyin Afirka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na dare a wurin nunin mulkin mallaka, sai dai daga karshe Turawa sun kore su: hoto na alama na tatsuniya na "ayyukan wayewa" na Turai. Wannan wasan kwaikwayo a fili ya burge baƙi - kuma Sarkin Jamus ma ya sha'awar jarumawan Maasai.

Wannan labarin yana ƙoƙarin gano tarihin mahalarta Maasai daga tsohon "Jamus Gabashin Afirka" a bikin Nunin Mulkin mallaka - da kuma neman alamun da suka bari a Turai da Tanzaniya.

An haifi Mpondo (kuma ana kiransa Mpundu ko Mpundo) Akwa an haife shi a shekara ta 1879 kuma ya fito ne daga dangin Douala na manya da ke zaune a gabar tekun Kamaru. Ya shafe shekaru da yawa na rayuwarsa a cikin daular Jamus. Da farko mahaifinsa ya tura shi zuwa Paderborn don makaranta. Daga baya ya ƙara haɓaka ya zama jarumi kuma mai magana da yawun Douala game da tsarin mulkin mallaka na Jamus. Yayin da yake ƙoƙari ya gina wa kansa rai a Jamus, ya yi hulɗa da 'yan jarida da lauyoyi na Jamus ko kuma ya gabatar da koke ga Reichstag.

Wannan nau'i na zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin mallaka na Jamus a Kamaru, ba wai kawai ya haifar da turjiya daga rukunin masu mulkin mallaka na Jamus ba, har ma ya haifar da yunkurin cin mutuncin Mpondo Akwa a matsayin mutum. Duk da haka, ya san yadda zai kare kansa daga wannan. Shari'ar Akwa da Lauyansa Moses Levi a Altona da Hamburg sun yi ban mamaki, inda suka fallasa mulkin mallaka na Jamus a fili kuma Akwa ya tabbatar da kansa.

Sakamakon abubuwan da Akwa ke nunawa a bainar jama'a, an adana wasu mahimman bayanai a cikin jaridu na zamani da kuma a cikin tarihin Jamus da Kamaru. An buga rubutun koke na Akwa kamar yadda jaridar Reichstag ta Jamus ta buga. Wani abu mai ban mamaki shi ne gano roƙon Moses Levi a cikin gidansa, wanda Leonard Harding ya buga a shekara ta 2000. Ana kuma iya samun gagarumin bincike akan rawar Akwa a cikin Joseph Gomsu, Ralph Austen da Andreas Eckert. Sabbin littattafan Kamaru na baya-bayan nan sun fito daga Germain Nyada da Enoh Meyomesse. Duk da haka, babu rubutun tarihin rayuwa na gaske na Akwa da kansa.

Mangi Meli babban sarkin Chagga ne a yanzu tsohon Moshi a Dutsen Kilimanjaro a Tanzaniya. Ba kamar mahaifinsa, Mangi Rindi Mandara ba, Meli ya yi tsayayya da mulkin Jamus. Da farko dai ya yi nasarar yaki da kungiyar da ake kira Schutztruppe (karfin kariya), amma daga karshe ya mika wuya ga sojojin mulkin mallaka. Don haka, (Tsohon) Moshi ya zama cibiyar ikon Jamus akan Dutsen Kilimanjaro. A shekara ta 1900, an rataye Mangi Meli tare da wasu sarakuna da shugabanni bisa zargin hada baki da Jamusawa. Tashin hankali na kisa na kara tashi a Tanzaniya har wala yau a cikin wakokin gargajiya da labarai.

Duk da haka, rashin tausayi bai ƙare da mutuwar Meli ba: An yi zargin an yanke kansa kuma an aika shi Jamus, in ji matar Meli, wadda ta gaya wa jikanta Isaria. Har wala yau, yana kokarin ganin an dawo da kan Mangi Meli zuwa tsohon Moshi. Bayanai sun nuna cewa an aike da kasusuwa da dama daga Moshi zuwa gidan tarihi na Ethnological Museum na Berlin na wancan lokacin domin gudanar da bincike kan wariyar launin fata. Tabbas, a cikin 2023, bisa yunƙurin zuriya, an gano wasu ƙasusuwan waɗanda aka kashe a Berlin da New York. Sai dai har yanzu ba a san inda kan Meli yake ba.

Shekaru da yawa yanzu, nunin Flinn Works da wani abin tunawa da aka ba da tallafi a Old Moshi na tunawa da Cif Meli. Labarin nasa ya ba da misali da tsayin daka a cikin gida ga mulkin mallaka a Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka da kuma zalunci na mulkin Jamus. Har ila yau, ya shaida rashin adalcin da ake ci gaba da yi na korar sauran kakanni da sunan kimiyya.

Quane a Dibobe na Kamaru, wanda aka fi sani da Martin Dibobe, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu fafutukar siyasa a Afirka a Jamus kafin 1945. Ya isa Jamus a cikin 1896 a matsayin ɗan takara a baje kolin mulkin mallaka na Jamus na farko - yadda ya kamata a gidan zoo na ɗan adam, ya zauna a Berlin, kuma ya ji daɗin aikin dogon aiki na tsarin sufuri na birni.

Ko da yake ba a san yawancin rayuwarsa ba, yunƙurin Dibobe ya fi shaida ta 1919 mai lamba 32 koke da ya ƙaddamar kuma ya mika wa hukumomin Jamus. A yayin da Dibobe da 'yan uwansa masu shigar da kara suka yi alkawarin yin biyayya ga sabuwar jamhuriyar, sun yi kira da a gyara alakar mulkin mallaka da ke tsakanin Jamus da Kamaru kuma sun bukaci daidaito ga 'yan Afirka a kasashen biyu da kuma Afirka. Jamus.

Gundumar Hamburg na Harburg birni ne mai zaman kansa mai tashar jiragen ruwa a kan Elbe har zuwa karni na 20. Tun daga tsakiyar karni na 19, sabbin kamfanoni sun bullo a nan wadanda ke sarrafa albarkatun kasa daga yankunan da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Musamman masana'antun roba da na mai sun mayar da karamin birni kwatankwacin matsayin muhimmin wurin masana'antu a cikin Daular.

Ya bambanta da alamun gine-gine a cikin yanayin birni na yau, abubuwan da aka gada a cikin ƙasashen asalin albarkatun mulkin mallaka ba a iya gani a sararin samaniyar Harburg. A kasashen da Jamus ta yi wa mulkin mallaka, har ma a Najeriya da kuma yankin Amazon, yadda ake amfani da albarkatun da ake sarrafawa a kan tekun Elbe ya kan lalata rayuwar al'ummomin yankin. An kwashe filaye don ƙirƙirar gonaki inda aka tilasta wa mutane yin aiki. Masu aikin mulkin mallaka sukan danne tsayin daka daga al'ummar yankin da suka taso kusan ko'ina kuma akai-akai.

Wadannan abubuwan kuma suna cikin tarihin abubuwan tarihi na masana'antu, ko da ba a tuna da su a Harburg ba. Tashoshin da ke cikin wannan labarin sun ba da haske a kan muhimman wurare da kamfanoni a Harburg da alakarsu da mulkin mallaka.

Missahoé wani yanki ne mai tuddai kusa da garin Kpalimé a Togo, yana ba da ra'ayoyi masu ban mamaki game da yanayin da ke kewaye daga wani wuri mai tsayi. Wurin da yake da shi na dabara ya sa ya zama wuri mai ban sha'awa ga sojojin mulkin mallaka na Jamus, waɗanda suka kafa wurarensu a nan a lokacin mulkin mallaka.

Sunan "Missahoé" yana komawa ga jami'in mulkin mallaka na Jamus kuma kwamishinan mulkin mallaka na Togo, Jesko von Puttkamer, wanda ya kira wurin "Misahöhe" don girmama masoyinsa, Mária "Misa" Esterházy de Galántha (1859-1926). Wannan sunan wani abu ne kawai na tarihin mulkin mallaka; a sane ko a rashin sani, zamanin mulkin mallaka na baya-bayan nan ya shiga tsaka mai wuya da rayuwar yau da kullum ta mazauna cikinta.

A cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata, mun haɗa kai da mutanen ƙauye, masu bincike, masu fasaha, da masu shirya fina-finai, muna shirya tattaunawa da tarurrukan bita, da kuma samar da shirye-shirye da fina-finai. A cikin wannan aikin haɗin gwiwar, mun bincika tarihin da aka kusan manta da shi da ƙoƙarin sake tunani na zamani dangane da gadon mulkin mallaka. Wannan labarin yana ba da haske game da wannan aikin.

Cibiyar birnin Bremen ta ƙunshi nau'o'in tarihin mulkin mallaka, wanda ke nuna bambancin abubuwa da yawa da suka taimaka wajen cin moriyar mulkin mallaka na Afirka, Asiya da tsibirin Pacific da haɗin kai na Bremen a matsayin birnin kasuwanci.

Tasha a kan wannan yawon shakatawa alama ce ta mahallin mahallin mulkin mallaka, sakamakon tasirin kowane ɗan kasuwa, aikin mishan, da ciniki a cikin kayan mulkin mallaka. Waɗannan sun haɗa da abin tunawa ga Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, Cotton Exchange da Böttcherstraße, Hachez & Co. cakulan delicatessen, da hedkwatar Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Arewa ta Jamus.

Mulkin mallaka ba wai kawai ya kasance yana siffanta ayyukan yanki ba. Samun ilimi daga hannun waɗanda aka yi wa mulkin mallaka kuma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga aikin mulkin mallaka na Turai. Masu mulkin mallaka, da mishaneri, masana ilimin ƙabilanci, da masu aiki daga wasu fannonin “an bincika,” misali, kayan tarihi na al’adu da na addini da sassan jikin waɗanda aka yi wa mulkin mallaka.

Tare da ƙirƙira phonograph na masanin kimiyyar lissafi ɗan ƙasar Amurka Thomas Edison (1847-1931) a 1877, ana iya yin rikodin muryoyi da sautuna akan silinda na kakin zuma kuma a sake kunna su a wani lokaci. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, an kuma yi rikodin a cikin yanayin mulkin mallaka.
A yau, rumbun adana sauti na Jamus suna ɗauke da rikodin tarihi, waɗanda yawancinsu an yi su cikin yanayi na rashin adalci. Hakazalika da rabon kayan tarihi na al'ada, ana amfani da waɗannan rikodin sau da yawa azaman ingantattun tushe a cikin binciken masana na kiɗa, al'adu, da harshe.

Har wala yau, sau da yawa ana yin watsi da yanayin tashin hankali da ke tattare da waɗannan rikodin, kamar yadda suke cikin samar da ilimin mulkin mallaka. Wannan labarin yayi magana akan waɗannan rikodin da kuma mahallin da aka ƙirƙira su a ciki.

Ngonnso yana wakiltar asali, al'adu da tarihin mutanen Nso a cikin Kamaru da ƙaura. Ngonnso shine wanda ya kafa daular Nso; Bayan rasuwarta, an sassaka wani mutum-mutumi na katako don tunawa da ita. Lokacin da sojojin mulkin mallaka na Jamus suka mamaye daular Nso, sun sace Ngonnso tare da wasu kayan sarauta daga fadar da ke Kumbo kuma suka kawo mutum-mutumin zuwa gidan tarihi na Ethnological a Berlin.

Tun da Nso sun samu labarin inda ta ke, suna ta kokarin dawo da Ngonnso kasarta ta haihuwa. Bayan shekaru da dama na aikin diflomasiyya da fafutuka, a karshe za a dawo da Ngonnso. Sai dai har yanzu ana jiran dawowar kasar Kamaru da aka dade ana jira saboda ana ci gaba da tattaunawa tsakanin Jamus da Kamaru a matakin gwamnati.

Tarihin Ngonnso ya shaida yadda aka yi sata da korar dukiyar al’adu a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Jamus. Har ila yau, ta bayyana yadda al'ummomin da abin ya shafa suka yi gwagwarmayar maido da kayansu na ruhaniya da na al'adu - da kuma yadda tsarin mayar da hankali zai iya zama tsawon lokaci.

Ayyukan mulkin mallaka ba wai kawai yankunan da ƙasashen Turai suka mamaye ba a cikin Amurka, Afirka, Asiya da Oceania. Mulkin mallaka kuma ya tsara al'ummomin da suka yi mulkin mallaka: daga hanyoyin rayuwa da cin abinci na sarakuna zuwa samar da ilimin mulkin mallaka da wakilcin wariyar launin fata na 'yan asali da Baƙar fata a cikin fasaha, al'adu da kasuwanci.

Musamman shahararrun nau'o'in gabatar da mulkin mallaka na wariyar launin fata da mutanen da ba a san su ba an kira su "baje kolin kabilanci" a cikin lambunan jama'a ko gidajen namun daji. Amma nune-nunen a gidajen tarihi na al'adun gargajiya da tarihin halitta, waɗanda aka kafa a matsayin sabon "Cathedrals na ilimi" tun daga tsakiyar karni na 19 zuwa gaba, sun kasance sananne tare da fararen tsakiyar aji. Bugu da kari, yara da manya sun tattara hotunan talla kala-kala da ke nuna mutanen da suka fito daga yankunan da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka a mafi yawan lokuta na wulakanci ko ba'a.

Shahararren mai shirya gidajen namun daji shine Carl Hagenbeck (1844-1913), wanda har yanzu gidan namun daji ya wanzu. Wasannin sun kasance abin kunya kuma ana iya kwatanta su a matsayin wuraren samar da ra'ayi na masu kishin fata da kuma tsarin mulkin wariyar launin fata na mulkin mallaka - koda kuwa wasu nau'o'in nunin "sun shirya kansu" daga Baƙar fata da mutane masu launi, don manufar samun kuɗi ko ma tsira a matsayin mutumin da ba farar fata ba a karkashin National Socialism.
Wasu zuriyar mahalarta gidan namun daji, irin su tsohon zakaran wasan kwallon kafa na duniya Christian Lali Kake Karembeu, suna neman - ya zuwa yanzu ba su yi nasara ba - uzuri da samun damar shiga tarihin kasuwancin iyali.

Labarin ya ba da haske game da nau'ikan nunin faifan ɗan adam na mulkin mallaka a Hamburg da ɗorewarsu na dogon lokaci wanda ya kai ga yau. Saboda girmamawa da kuma guje wa haifuwa na tsarin wariyar launin fata na mulkin mallaka, ya guji yin amfani da sanannun hotunan waɗannan abubuwan.

Matjamwo Mavanzilla, wanda aka yi wa baftisma Paul Mavanzilla, yana daya daga cikin mutanen da aka sace daga Afirka suna yara a karni na 19. Zamansa na shekaru goma a Jamus ya yi tasiri mai dorewa a gare shi. An haife shi a shekara ta 1875, ko kuma a cewar wasu majiyoyi, a cikin 1873, a gidan sarki Puto Muëne Kassongo kusa da mahadar kogin Ganga da Kwango. A shekara ta 1881, shugaban wani balaguron mulkin mallaka na Jamus, Alexander von Mechow, ya kama yaron, a lokacin yana da shekaru shida ko takwas, ya kai shi Jamus.

Bayan shekaru biyar a Berlin da Leipzig, Mavanzilla ya halarci makarantu a Gütersloh da Lichtenstern (Württemberg). Daga nan ya fara horarwa a matsayin mai wa’azi a makarantun mishan da ke Basel da Barmen (yanzu Wuppertal-Barmen) kafin ƙungiyar mishan ta Rhenish (RMG) ta tura shi Cape Town. A can, ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a makarantar RMG har zuwa shekara ta 1912. Bayan da ya yi fama da bugun jini mai tsanani, ya yi fama da lalurar tabin hankali kuma ya mutu a shekara ta 1912 yana da shekara 40 a duniya.

Ana iya gano rayuwar Mavanzilla daga rahotannin “Kwango Expedition” na Alexander von Mechow zuwa takardu da wasiƙu a cikin gidan mahaifinsa Bajamushe a cikin tarihin Ikklesiya na Furotesta ga al'adun danginsa a Afirka ta Kudu.

Gargadin abun ciki: Paul Mavanzilla ya fuskanci wariyar launin fata da kuma zargin cin zarafin jima'i a lokuta da yawa a rayuwarsa. Ba za a iya ba da labarin tarihin rayuwarsa ba tare da nuna waɗannan abubuwan ba. Muna rokon masu karatu su yanke shawara da kansu ko suna son karanta wannan rubutu mai zuwa.

Tarin Museum am Rothenbaum. Al'adu da Fasaha na Duniya (MARKK) a Hamburg ya haɗa da wani zane mai ban mamaki: Yana kwatanta samari biyu Abbega da Dorugu. An bautar da su suna ƙanana a wani yanki na Afirka ta Yamma. A ƙarshe sun shiga sabis da dogaro na masanin ilimin ƙasa Heinrich Barth, kuma daga nan suka tafi tare da shi a kan balaguronsa. Sun yi tafiya tare da shi ta Afirka da Turai, har zuwa Jamus, Berlin, Gotha, Hamburg.

Ba zanen Abbega da Dorugu kadai ya tsira ba. A cikin 1885, ɗan ƙasar Jamus James Frederick Schön, ɗan ƙasar Jamus, ya wallafa wani labari na tarihin rayuwar Dorugu a cikin nahawun Hausa mai suna "The Life and Travels of Dorugu." Dorugu ya ba da labarin tarihin rayuwarsa kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Schön a sassan. Abbega shima ya bayyana yana wucewa ko akace. Wannan wani labari ne da ba kasafai aka samu ba daga Hausawa a karni na 19. Dorugu ya karkata da kallonsa ba kawai ga Arewa da Tsakiya da Afirka ta Yamma kafin mulkin mallaka ba, har ma da Arewa da Tsakiya da Yammacin Turai.

Wannan rangadin ya mayar da hankali ne kan rayuwa da lura da Abbega da Dorugu. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa sunayen Dorugu da Abbega sun yi daidai da ainihin furcin Afirka.

An haifi Regina Bruce / Savi de Tové a Wuppertal a cikin 1900, 'yar 'yan gudun hijirar Togo. Tun tana ƙarama, ta zaga ko'ina cikin Turai tare da danginta da kasuwancinsu na nuni. Ta yi kuruciyarta da kuruciyarta tare da iyaye masu goyo a arewacin Jamus. A Hamburg, daga ƙarshe ta sami horo a matsayin malamin kindergarten kuma ta yi aiki a gidan yara. A can, ta kasance wani ɓangare na al'ummar Baƙar fata da ke yaki da wariyar launin fata a cikin Jamhuriyar Weimar. A tsakiyar shekarun 1920, ta bar Jamus tare da ƴan uwanta mata biyu suka ƙaura zuwa Togo, inda ta rasu a shekara ta 1991 bayan doguwar rayuwa.

Tarihinta na ban mamaki wani bangare ne na tarihin mulkin mallaka da na ƙaura na Jamus-Togo. Rayuwar Regina Bruce / Savi de Tové ita ma tana magana akan yuwuwa da iyakokin aiki ga mace Baƙar fata a ƙarni na 20.

A lokacin haihuwa, an ba Regina Bruce / Savi de Tové sunaye na farko na Ewe da ban sani ba. Tun da ta kira kanta a matsayin Regina a cikin rikodin, Zan yi amfani da sunan farko a nan.

Fiye da shekaru 120 bayan haihuwar Regina Bruce / Savi de Tové, Ina ƙoƙarin komawa rayuwarta. Abin da ita kanta ta ji kuma tana tunanin sau da yawa ba zai yiwu a samu ba a cikin majiyoyin. Sai da na kammala tarihin rayuwarta na ci karo da faifan faifan sauti inda ta yi shekaru 75 tana ba da labarin rayuwarta har zuwa wajajen shekara ta 1930. Wannan ya ba ni sabon hangen nesa; Na sami damar haɗa zantuka daga wurinta tare da jaddada hangen nesanta.

Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a haskaka mahangar da nake rubuta tarihin rayuwar Regina Bruce/Savi de Tové: A matsayina ta mace Bajamushiya farar fata , ni kaina tarihin mulkin mallaka ya siffata ni. Ko da yake na ɗauki ra'ayi mai mahimmanci- wariyar launin fata, hangen nesa na mata, yawancin ilimina an zana su ne daga ɗakunan ajiya na Eurocentric. Tare da ilimin daban-daban na ilimi da gogewa, labarin Regina Bruce/Savi de Tové tabbas za a iya faɗi daban.

Ma’aikacin banki Adolph von Hansemann (1826–1903) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƴan wasa masu ƙarfi a cikin kasuwancin mulkin mallaka. Ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa kuma mai gudanarwa na Disconto-Gesellschaft , wanda ya haɗu da Deutsche Bank a ƙarshen 1920s. A lokacin von Hansemann, Disconto-Gesellschaft shine babban banki mai zaman kansa a cikin Daular Jamus. Von Hansemann ya saka hannun jari a sirri kuma tare da lamunin banki a cikin ayyukan mulkin mallaka da yawa.

A yin haka, ya share fagen mulkin mallaka na Jamus, ya kuma yi tasiri ga manufofin mulkin mallaka. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa mulkin mallaka "Jamus New Guinea", ya goyi bayan "tafiye-tafiyen bincike", bincika damar tattalin arziki, samar da kuɗin ƙasa da kafa kasuwancin kasuwanci, ma'adinai da kamfanonin jiragen ƙasa, irin su Kamfanin New Guinea ko Otavi Mining da kuma Kamfanin Railway Society (OMEG).

Alamar da ke tsakanin babban birnin kasar, manufofin mulkin mallaka da kuma amfani da tattalin arziki ya bayyana a cikin Disconto Society da kuma Adolph von Hansemann da kuma rawar da ya taka a cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka. Wannan labarin yana gabatar da wasu ayyukan da von Hansemann da kamfanin Disconto suka ba da kuɗi tare da jarin su. Ta yin haka, sun inganta mulkin mallaka na yankuna da yawa, kuma sun jagoranci mutanen da ke zaune a cikin dogaro da tattalin arziki, talauci da aikin tilastawa.

A yau Flensburg ana yawan sayar da ita azaman "garin sukari da rum". Sukari da abin da aka samar da sukari, danyen rum, ana samun su ne ta hanyar noman rake a Turai har zuwa lokacin noman gwoza - musamman a yankin Caribbean. Tun da Flensburg ita ce birni na uku mafi girma a tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin jihar Danish har zuwa 1864, birnin ya amfana daga yanayin kasuwanci mai fa'ida tare da yankunan Danish a cikin Caribbean, wanda yanzu aka sani da St. Thomas, St. Croix da St. John (US Virgin Islands). Samar da sukari yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da cinikin bayi na Atlantika da tattalin arzikin shuka. Bayan zama membobin Flensburg na jihar Danish ya ƙare a cikin 1864, garin ya zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka na Prussian / Jamus. Canje-canjen dokokin haraji sun sa kasuwanci tare da yankunan Danish a cikin Caribbean ya zama mai wahala. Danyen rum na samar da rum na Flensburg daga nan ana shigo da shi ne daga turawan mulkin mallaka na Jamaica.

Wannan labarin yana mai da hankali kan haɗin gwiwar Flensburg a lokacin lokacinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na gabaɗayan ƙasar Danish. Yin amfani da sukari na kayan mulkin mallaka, an nuna dangantakar mulkin mallaka tsakanin Osu-Castle a Ghana, tattalin arzikin shuka a St. Croix a cikin Caribbean da kuma birnin Flensburg. A duk wurare guda uku, tarihin cin zarafi ya bar tarihi a tsarin birane da shimfidar wurare.

Iyalin 'yan kasuwa na Flensburg sun kasance wani ɓangare na wannan haɗin gwiwa kuma sun amfana daga ciniki yana kwatanta ta dangin Christiansen. Ana ba da labarin sau da yawa gefe ɗaya tare da hoton kai na soyayya na "'yan kasuwa da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa". Wannan ya yi watsi da gaskiyar cewa aikin da ba a biya ba na bayin da ke cikin Caribbean ya kasance tushen wadatar 'yan kasuwa a Flensburg.

A ina aka gudanar da taron Afirka na Berlin? Ta yaya Bankin Deutsche ya nuna muhimmiyar rawar da ya taka a mulkin mallaka? Ina aka samu tarin kakanni na sata mafi girma a duniya? Yaya bakin haure 'yan mulkin mallaka daga Kamaru da Gabashin Afirka suka waiwayi shekaru 35 na mulkin mallaka na Jamus a 1919?

Darussanmu da ba a zato Tafiya ta bi ta cikin tsoffin gundumomin gwamnati da na Berlin, inda turawan mulkin mallaka da Jamusawa suka samu kwarin guiwa. Masu fafutuka da masana na Berlin daga Namibiya, Tanzaniya, Amurka, da Jamus sun tattauna shawarar masu mulkin mallaka na Jamus na rusa, al'adun wariyar launin fata na Berlin, tara marasa kishi, da adawa da mulkin mallaka a fitattun wurare amma ba a san su ba.

A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka wuce na mulkin mallaka na Jamus a nahiyar Afirka, a cikin tekun Pacific, da kuma kasar Sin, yawancin tarin al'adun gargajiya na yau sun ƙare a gidajen tarihi na Jamus: Masana kimiyya, ma'aikatan soja, har ma da masu aikin mishan sun sami miliyoyin kayan tarihi ta hanyar musayar yaudara ko sata ta tashin hankali. Bugu da ƙari kuma, masu bincike da jami'an soji sun wawashe kaburburan kakanni, tare da kawo gawarwakin mutane zuwa Jamus, inda aka yi amfani da su wajen gudanar da bincike na bogi, wanda wasunsu ke ci gaba da zama a gidajen tarihi har yau.

Cibiyoyin Leipzig da dama kuma suna ɗauke da taskokin al'adu waɗanda aka kawo wa Jamus a lokacin mulkin mallaka a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi masu shakku da rashin tabbas. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Gidan Tarihi na Grassi Museum of Ethnology, Jami'ar, da Leipzig Mission Society. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a karni na 19, Gidan kayan tarihi na Grassi ya mamaye wani wuri na musamman a tarihin birnin.

Kamina yana da kusan kilomita 7 daga tsakiyar birnin Atakpamé. A cikin 1911, lokacin mulkin mallaka na Jamus a Togo, Kamina ta kasance sansanin rediyo na Jamus wanda ya ba da damar Berlin ta ci gaba da tuntuɓar rediyo tare da sojojin Jamus a Kudancin Atlantic. Har yanzu ana kan gina tashar telegraph lokacin da yakin duniya ya barke. Jamusawa da ke yankin Togo, wadanda Faransawa daga gabas da turawan Ingila daga yamma suka kai wa hari, sannan suka tarwatsa gine-ginen a daren 24-25 ga Agusta, 1914, kafin su mika wuya a ranar 27 ga Agusta, 1914.

Jama’ar gari ne suka gina shi, da ma’aikatan da suka tilastawa daga gundumar Sokode ta Arewa, da kuma bautar da mutane daga gidan yarin Wahala, tashar telegraph wata shaida ce ta musamman da ke nuna hazaka da kwazon maginin ginin na Turawa da Togo.

Mu sake komawa cikin lokaci! Gina gidan rediyon Kamina a Afirka wani gagarumin aiki ne da hukumomin Jamus suka jagoranta a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Wannan ababen more rayuwa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin sadarwa na lokacin, tare da amfani da shigar da jama'ar gida. Gidan rediyon ya ba mu damar bin tarihin da ya tsara rayuwar Kamina ta mulkin mallaka da kewayenta.

"Ka share hanya, bari bayi su wuce / Muna zuwa don 'yancinmu / Ba ma son zubar da jini / oh ka ba mu 'yanci". An ji wannan waƙar a shekara ta 1848 lokacin da mutane 8,000 suka ratsa Frederiksted a tsibirin St. Croix na Caribbean da Danish ke mulkin mallaka. Mutanen da aka bauta sun sha yin tsayayya a can. Wannan tashin hankalin daga karshe ya kai ga ‘yantar da su.

Denmark ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ta yi mulkin mallaka don hana fataucin ɗan adam a cikin 1792. Dalilin haka ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa saboda manufofin ɗan adam fiye da la'akarin kasuwanci. Amma haramcin ciniki an aiwatar da shi ne kawai da rabi; Bugu da kari, an halatta mallakar bayin da aka yi wa bayi. Haka kuma gyare-gyaren da aka yi na rabin zuciya a kan gonakin bai yi wani tasiri ba wajen inganta yanayin aiki mai tsanani.

Matsayin doka na mutanen da ba su da 'yanci da aka kawo Hamburg daga Caribbean da sauran yankunan da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka ba shi da tabbas. Zane-zane da rubuce-rubuce sun ba da shaidar kasancewarsu a cikin manyan gidaje, ko da yake ana iya samun ƴan tarihin tarihinsu, kamar ɗan gajeren zaman da wani yaro ya yi a gidan ɗan kasuwa Jan Tecker Gayen a Klopstockstrasse 2-21.

Rubutun ya ba da haske game da gwagwarmayar ’yantar da mutanen da aka yi bauta a ciki da kuma daga tsibiran Caribbean da Denmark ta yi wa mulkin mallaka, da kuma yadda aka yi maganin tarihin wannan tarihi a yau.

A shekara ta 1999, Ofishin Wasiƙa na Namibiya ya karrama wata mace da tambari wadda ta ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga rubutaccen harshen Herero fiye da shekaru ɗari da suka shige: Johanna Gertze – haifaffen Urieta Kazahendike – ta yi aiki a cikin aikin fassara na wata mishan daga Rhenish Missionary Society (RMG), wadda ta fassara Sabon Alkawari da sauran rubutun Kirista daga Herero zuwa Jamusanci.

Akwai mahanga guda biyu daban-daban akan rayuwarta. A cikin 1936, ɗan mishan mai ritaya Heinrich Vedder ya buga littattafai masu kama da warƙa guda biyu game da rayuwarta, da nufin masu ba da gudummawa na RMG. Littafin ɗan littafin farko ya mai da hankali kan baftismar Urieta Kazahendike a matsayin babban nasara na aikin mishan a Hereroland. Littafin ɗan littafin na biyu ya kwatanta rayuwarta a matsayin mai taƙawa kuma mai faranta wa Allah rai—daidai da aikin zamantakewa da aka ba matan Afirka.

Brigitta Lau, darekta na farko na gidan tarihin Namibia bayan samun 'yancin kai, ta dauki wani ra'ayi na daban. Ta rushe hoton Vedder kuma ta kwatanta Johanna Gertze a matsayin mace mai dogaro da kai. Ta bayyana karara cewa nasarar da ɗan mishan Carl Hugo Hahn ya samu wajen fassara nassosin Littafi Mai Tsarki da na tiyoloji sun samo asali ne daga Johanna Gertze.

Wannan labarin ya bincika tarihin rayuwarta. A cikin shekaru da suka wuce kafin baftisma, an kira ta da sunan haihuwarta, Urieta Kazahendike, kuma bayan haka da sunan Kirista da aka ɗauka, Johanna. Bayan aurenta da Samuel Gertze, an yi amfani da sunan sunan Gertze.

Misalin juyin juya hali na kasa da kasa, Virendranath Chattophadyaya, ko 'Chatto', ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa gaba daya ga manufar kishin Indiya da yaki da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Ƙaunar juyin juya hali ya jagoranci shi daga karatunsa a London a fadin Turai - don neman goyon baya da masu sauraro masu son yin yakin duniya a kan Birtaniya Raj.

Babban kumburin Odyssey na Turai shine Berlin. A nan ya haɗu da kwamitin Berlin , daga baya aka sani da Kwamitin Independence na Indiya ( Indisches Unabhängigkeitskomite), ƙungiyar da ta kulla kawance da Jamus a lokacin yakin duniya na farko don taimakawa Indiyawan tawaye.

A lokacin da kuma bayan yakin daga sansanonin Berlin da Stockholm, Chatto ya yi balaguro zuwa tarurruka kuma ya gina alaƙa ta sirri ga sauran masu ra'ayin gurguzu da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka da kuma jiga-jigan gwamnati, tare da samun muhimman kudade da haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin Turai. Ya kawo wasu wurare masu nisa na mulkin mallaka kamar Singapore, Constantinople da Afghanistan cikin hanyar sadarwa ta duniya, yana yada farfagandar kyamar Burtaniya ga 'yan uwan ​​Indiyawa da sojoji da bukatun aiki na daular suka yi gudun hijira a fadin duniya.

Rayuwar Chatto tana haskakawa a Berlin a matsayin cibiyar adawa da mulkin mallaka kuma tana ba da haske game da rayuwar ɗan juyin juya hali na duniya, ana tilasta masa yin ƙaura don kare lafiyar kansa da kuma hidimar yaƙi da mulkin mallaka. Nan take Chatto ya samu kwarin guiwa da kuma jefa shi cikin hatsari mai tsanani ta hanyar aikinsa na rayuwa, shi ma Chatto ya fuskanci rashin jin dadi da sauye-sauye a siyasance yayin da tafiyarsa ta juyin juya hali ta jawo shi zuwa hagu ta akida da kuma gabas ta sararin samaniya. Yayin da tsarin gurguzu ya ci gaba bayan juyin juya halin Rasha, yana ganin hagu mai nisa a matsayin kawai aboki na gaskiya ga manufar adawa da mulkin mallaka. Ya koma Moscow, inda a ƙarshe zai gamu da ƙarshensa a hannun Stalin, ya bar gadon babban abin sha'awa a cikin da'irori masu adawa da mulkin mallaka.

Walther Rathenau (1867-1922), ɗan wanda ya kafa AEG Emil Rathenau, ɗan kasuwa ne mai tasiri kuma ɗan siyasa a cikin Jamhuriyar Weimar. A tsawon rayuwarsa ya kasance makasudin tayar da hankali na adawa da Yahudawa, wanda ya zama mai bayyanawa bayan nada shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje a 1922. A ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1922, 'yan ta'adda masu adawa da Yahudawa sun kashe shi.

Wani abin da ba a san shi ba na tarihin Rathenau shine rawar da ya taka a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki ga Sakataren Jiha na Ofishin mulkin mallaka na lokacin, Bernhard Dernburg. A cikin 1907 da 1908 sun yi tafiya tare zuwa yankunan Jamus "German East Africa", "Jamus ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka" da kuma yankunan Birtaniya na mulkin mallaka.

Rathenau ya ajiye litattafai a kan tafiye-tafiyen biyu, wanda, tare da wasiku da rahotannin hukuma da ya rubuta wa Chancellor Bülow, suna ba da haske game da yadda yake hango mutane, shimfidar wurare da yanayin balaguro. Ko da yake ya soki zaluncin da ake yi wa al'ummar yankin, amma ya yi magana kan yadda ake cin gajiyar tattalin arzikin da 'yan mulkin mallaka ke yi da kuma wariyar launin fata.

Wannan labarin ya bi diddigin matakai na waɗannan shekaru kafin yakin duniya na farko.

An kafa abubuwan tunawa da mulkin mallaka a garuruwa daban-daban na Jamus. A farkon karni na 20, an kuma tattauna zane da gina wani abin tunawa da yakin mulkin mallaka a Berlin. Manufar ita ce samar da wata alama ta zama alama ta ƙungiyoyin mulkin mallaka na Jamus wanda zai bayyana muradin daular Jamus a lokaci guda.

Sakamakon rashin jituwa game da zayyana abin tunawa da barkewar yaki a shekara ta 1914, ba a aiwatar da aikin tunawa da shi a Berlin ba - amma shekaru 20 bayan haka, an aiwatar da shi a cikin wani tsari a Bremen.

Wannan rubutun wani yanki ne da aka gyara daga littafin "Berlin. A Postcolonial Metropolis."

Oorlam Chief Jonker Afrikaner ne ya fara kafa Windhoek, babban birnin Namibiya a shekara ta 1840, wanda ya sanyawa sunansa sunan tsaunin Winterhoek a Tulbagh, Afirka ta Kudu, inda ya girma.

Amma duk da haka a cikin 1890, an sake rubuta tarihi don faɗi cewa Kwamishinan Imperial na Jamus Curt von François ne ya kafa shi, wanda ya mamaye wurin kuma ya kafa sansanin Alte Feste. Wannan kuskuren tarihi daga baya, a cikin 1965, zai kasance da ƙarfi ta hanyar gina mutum-mutuminsa da ke yaba François a matsayin wanda ya kafa Windhoek. Wannan lamarin ya kasance mai tunatarwa mai ƙarfi game da gaskiyar cewa abubuwan tarihi na Windhoek suna nuna ra'ayoyin duniya na waɗanda ke ba da izini ko karɓe su.

A Bremen, ana iya gano ci gaban mulkin mallaka ba kawai a cikin sunayen titi da gidajen tarihi ba, har ma a cikin shaguna da facades na gini. Ziyarar daga gundumar Schwachhausen zuwa tsakiyar Bahnhofsvorstadt (yankin tashar jirgin kasa) ya bincika zamanin mulkin mallaka na waɗannan wuraren tunawa kuma yana jawo alaƙar zamani zuwa rashin daidaito.

Ta ziyarci titunan da aka sanya wa suna 'yan wasan mulkin mallaka wadanda ke da tasirin tattalin arziki ko akida a tarihin mulkin mallaka. Hakanan ana magana game da zamanin mulkin mallaka na sanannen rukunin kamfanoni na ƙasa. A ƙarshe, an ba da haske game da kusanci tsakanin fasaha, kasuwanci, da mulkin mallaka, wanda bai sami kulawa mai mahimmanci ba a cikin jawabin tarihin birane don a yi la'akari da muhawarar bayan mulkin mallaka.