Ishishini lomrhwebi kunye nomnini weenqanawa u-August Joseph Schön (1802-1870) lalinxulunyaniswa ngokungenakuhluzwa kubukhoboka kunye nobukoloniyali. Wenza ubutyebi bakhe ikakhulu kwisiqithi saseCaribbean iSt. Thomas naseHamburg. USchön warhweba ngempahla yobukoloniyali kwaye wathenga imihlaba kunye namasimi kwiCaribbean apho abantu amakhoboka kwakufuneka basebenze. Ubambe izikhundla ezininzi ezihloniphekileyo eHamburg, waphembelela umgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho wasekhaya kwaye wayenendlu enexabiso eliphezulu eyakhiwe e-Elbchaussee.

Ngomnyaka we-1872, unyana wakhe wafumana i-Weißensee estate kufuphi neBerlin, eyahlula yaba ngamaphasela kwaye wayithengisa. Amagama amaninzi ezitrato eBerlin-Weißensee asasikhumbuza ngentsapho yakwaSchön.

E-St. Thomas, isifundo sembali yobukhoboka sidlala indima ephambili kubomi boluntu: amavolontiya avela kwi -Caribbean Genealogy Library (CGL) aqhuba umsebenzi wezemfundo kwaye azimisele ukwenza uphando lwentsapho lufikeleleke, ngakumbi kwinzala yabantu abagqilazwe.

Abantu abamnyama kunye nabantu bemibala abafane bakhankanywe kwimbali esemthethweni ye-German Democratic Republic. I-GDR yayingengombutho wabantu abamhlophe .

Ukongeza kubemi abantsundu beGDR abazalelwe “kwilizwe labasebenzi bokuqala kunye namafama kumhlaba waseJamani,” iintshukumo ezinkulu zokufuduka ziye zabumba uluntu ukusukela ekusekweni korhulumente. Abafuduki beza kwi-GDR ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, abaninzi bevela eVietnam, eMozambique, eCuba, ePoland naseAngola.

Olu khenketho lulandelayo lumalunga nabasebenzi bekhontrakthi nabafundi abavela kumazwe asemva kobukoloniyali eAngola naseMozambique. Amabali abo abonisa ukuchasana phakathi kwe-anti-fascist, i-self-racist self-image ye-GDR kunye neemeko zokuphila zamaqabane ombala, ezibonakaliswe ngobuhlanga kunye nobuhlanga. Kwangaxeshanye, amava abo abubungqina bemizamo eqhubekayo kunye nezenzo ezixhathisayo ngokuchasene nemigaqo-nkqubo ethintelayo yokufuduka kunye nobuhlanga kwi-GDR - kunye neJamani ehlangeneyo.

Eli nqaku linxulunyaniswe nembali yam ngobomi: Utata wasuka eAngola eze kufunda kwiGDR ngowe-1989. Iimbono ezivela kwiingxoxo kunye naye, kunye nabaqhelana nabo kunye nabasebenzi baseJamani naseMozambique ngoko ke babonakaliswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiingcaphuno kunye ne-audios.

Uzalelwe eKerala, itshantliziyo laseIndiya u-Arathil Candeth Narayanan Nambiar uchithe ixesha elininzi lobomi bakhe esilwela iNkululeko yaseIndiya. Ngeminyaka yee-1920, iBerlin yaba liziko elibalulekileyo lomzabalazo wakhe. Ekuqaleni esebenza kunye namakomanisi, wabaleka eJamani emva kokubanjwa yiNational Socialists. Nangona kunjalo, wabuyela esixekweni ngo-1942, ngeli xesha esebenza nomnye umlweli, owayezama ukusebenzisana ne-fascist yaseJamani kunye ne-Italiya ekulweni nobukoloniyali baseBritani eIndiya.

Ibhayografi yentatheli kunye nonozakuzaku kamva u-ACN Nambiar yalatha kuthungelwano olukhulu lwamazwe ngamazwe lwabalweli bobukoloniyali kunye nemibutho eyahlukeneyo yezopolitiko kweli candelo.

Lo mbhalo ubhalwe njengenxalenye yomboniso wentsebenziswano "Yima kwi-Solidarity! Ukuchasana kwabamnyama kunye ne-anti-colonialism yehlabathi e-Berlin, i-1919-1933 "yiNkcubeko ye-Decolonial yeSikhumbuzo kwiSixeko kunye ne-Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf Museum kwi-2023.

Urhwebo olunengeniso kwisaltpeter lwaqala kubarhwebi baseHamburg ekuqaleni koo-1880. Bakwabandakanyeka ekwembeni izimbiwa. Intlango ye-Atacama iqulethe iidiphozithi ezinkulu ze-saltpeter, iminerali eyenziwe nge-sodium kunye ne-nitrate ye-potassium. Yayifanelekile njengesichumiso kunye nokuveliswa kwerhuluwa kunye neziqhushumbisi.

Ngaphambi kowe-1879, iNtlango iAtacama esemantla yayiyeyaseBolivia nasePeru. Omabini la mazwe aye anika iinkampani zaseBritane nezaseJamani iimvume zokwembiwa kwesalpeter ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1850s kwaye ayezamana nemveliso elawulwa ngurhulumente ye-salpeter. I-Chile, kwelinye icala, ilandele imigaqo-nkqubo ekhululekile kakhulu. Xa iPeru ubukhulu becala yenze ukuba ishishini le-saltpeter libe kwilizwe lakwamanye amazwe yaza yanyanzelisa ukuba kurhwebelwano lwe-saltpeter, kwaye iBolivia nayo yanyusa irhafu yokuthumela i-saltpeter, "iMfazwe ye-Saltpeter" yaqhambuka phakathi kwamazwe amathathu ukusuka kwi-1879 ukuya kwi-1884. Kwakhokelela ekuyekisweni kwemimandla ye-saltpeter yasePeru yase-Arica kunye neTarapacá ukuya eChile ngo-1883. IBolivia yaphulukana nokufikelela elwandle.

Ngaloo ndlela iChile yaba lilizwe eliphambili ekuveliseni i-saltpeter kwaye abarhwebi abaninzi baseHamburg bawafudusela amashishini abo apho emva kokurhweba ngeGuano ephantse yaphela imveliso evela ePeru ingasazisanga ngeniso babeyifuna.

UAdolf Bernhard Meyer (b. Hamburg 1840, d. Berlin 1911) wayengusosayensi waseJamani owayesebenza njengomlawuli weRoyal Zoological and Anthropological-Ethnographic Museum Dresden (das Königlich Zoologisches und Anthropologisch-Ethnographisches Museum Dresden) iminyaka engama-30. Okubalulekileyo kukuba, waseka iKhabhinethi ye-Ethnographic kwiMyuziyam yaseRoyal phakathi kwe-1875 kunye ne-1878 kwaye wayalela ukuqokelelwa kwezixhobo ze-ethnographic ezivela kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia kunye ne-Pacific ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-30.

Phambi kokuqeshwa kwakhe ngo-1874, waqokelela ingqokelela yezilwanyana, i-anthropological, kunye ne-ethnological kuhambo lophando lwabucala (1870-73) ukuya kwi-Indonesia yanamhlanje kunye neePhilippines. Ngexesha lolawulo lwakhe ingqokelela yakhe yathengwa yiRoyal Museum, phakathi kwamanye amaziko kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kwaye ihleli kwindawo yokulandela iimyuziyam namhlanje. Ngelixa uMeyer wayenomdla kakhulu kuphando lwezilwanyana, wathatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi we-anthropological kunye ne-ethnographic. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba eJamani, i-anthropology yayibhekiselele kwi-anthropology yomzimba, injongo yayo yobuhlanga yayikukufunda ukwahluka kweempawu zomzimba womntu, ngakumbi ukhakhayi, kunye nokubonelela ngobungqina obunobungqina bokungafani kobuhlanga. I-Ethnology ibhekiselele kwi-anthropology yenkcubeko egxile endaweni yokufunda inkcubeko yezinto zamaqela ahlukeneyo. Ukufunda omabini amacandelo kwakuqhelekile kwizazinzulu ezifana noMeyer kunye nabantu ababephila ngexesha lakhe.

Nangona uhambo lukaMeyer lwenzeka ngaphambi kwexesha lobukoloniyali elisemthethweni laseJamani (1884-1918), ukuhamba kwakhe kunye nokupapasha kwakhe kunokusinceda siqonde ukuba i-colonialism kunye ne-anthropology yaseJamani kunye ne-ethnology zadibana njani. Babonisa indlela iimbono zesayensi ezazihamba ngayo kulo lonke elaseYurophu nakwilizwe lobukoloniyali, kunye nohlobo lwezifundo kunye neentetho zikawonke-wonke ezaziza kwazisa iimbono zaseJamani zabantu bomthonyama kuMzantsi-mpuma weAsia nakwiPasifiki, abanye babo ababeza kuthi kungekudala babe phantsi kweJamani. ulawulo lobukoloniyali.

KuMboniso wokuQala wamaKoloniyali waseJamani ukusuka nge-1 kaMeyi ukuya ku-Okthobha 15, 1896, iOfisi yezangaphandle yaqesha abantu abayi-106 abavela kwimimandla yobukoloniyali yaza yabazisa eJamani ukuze bababonise kuluntu lwaseBerlin “kumboniso wobuhlanga” wobuhlanga. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho amaMaasai ali-17 avela eMpuma Afrika: amadoda asixhenxe, amabhinqa amahlanu nabantwana abahlanu. BabengamaMaasai okuqala eYurophu.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, amaMaasai ayedume eYurophu “njengabaphumi-mkhosi abadumileyo” kodwa “abangenanceba”. Ukonwabisa abaphulaphuli baseBerlin, kwafuneka balingise uhlaselo lokubulala kwamanye amaqela ase-Afrika kwimidlalo yasebusuku kuMboniso wamaKoloniyali, kodwa ekugqibeleni bacekiswa ngabantu baseYurophu: umfanekiso ongumfuziselo wentsomi “yobuthunywa bempucuko” yaseYurophu. Ngokucacileyo lo mboniso waba nomdla kwiindwendwe - kwaye uMlawuli waseJamani naye wathatha ukuthanda okuthile kumaqhawe aseMaasai.

Eli nqaku lizama ukulandelela imbali yabathathi-nxaxheba baseMaasai abavela kwi-"German East Africa" ​​yangaphambili kwi-Exhibition ye-Colonial Exhibition - kwaye ikhangele imikhondo abayishiya ngasemva eYurophu naseTanzania.

Ulawulo lobuKoloniyali lwalungaphawulwa nje ngemisebenzi yemimandla. Ukufunyaniswa kolwazi malunga nokulawulwa kwamathanga nako kwaba negalelo elikhulu kwiprojekthi yobukoloniyali yaseYurophu. Amakholoni, abathunywa bevangeli, i-ethnologists, kunye nabasebenzi abavela kwezinye izifundo "baphandwa," umzekelo, izinto zenkcubeko nezenkolo kunye namalungu omzimba wekholoni.

Ngokwenziwa kwegramafoni yingcali yefiziksi yaseMerika uThomas Edison (1847-1931) ngowe-1877, amazwi nezandi zazinokubhalwa kwiisilinda ze<em>wax zize zidlalwe emva kwexesha elithile. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, urekhodo lwenziwa nakwiimeko zobukoloniyali.
Namhlanje, iirekhodi zesandi zaseJamani ziqulethe iirekhodi zembali, ezininzi zazo zaveliswa kwiimeko ezingalunganga. Ngokufana nokusetyenziswa kwezinto zakudala ze-ethnographic, ezi rekhodi zihlala zisetyenziswa njengemithombo yokwenyani kwizifundo zezifundo zomculo, inkcubeko kunye nolwimi.

Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, iimeko zobundlobongela ezingqonge ezi rekhodi zihlala zingahoywa, njengokuba ziyinxalenye yemveliso yolwazi lobukoloniyali. Eli nqaku lijongana nezi rekhodi kunye neemeko ezidalwe phantsi kwazo.

UmCameroon uLouis Brody (uBebe M'pessa) wayengumdlali wefilimu owaziwayo owaziwayo ngexesha le-Weimar kunye neNazi. Nangona wayengumdlali onetalente, uluhlu lweendima ezinikiweyo luye lwancipha kwaye waba ngumntu ongaqhelekanga kubaphulaphuli baseJamani. Kwangaxeshanye, uBrody wenza iphulo elikhutheleyo lokuchasa imiboniso yobuhlanga yabantu abantsundu ngokubandakanyeka kwimibutho eliqela yabantsundu echasene nobukoloniyali kunye nocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga eJamani, kuquka iAfrikanischer Hilfeverein yaye kamva iLeague for the Defense of the N*rasse . Intshukumo yakhe yezopolitiko iye yafikelela ekubhaleni. Ngomnyaka ka-1930 wadlala kwimvukelo ethi "Sunrise in the Tomorrowland", awayibhala ngokwakhe efuna ukubhiyozela imbali nenkcubeko yabantu abamnyama. UBrody wasweleka eBerlin ngowe-1951.

Njengesixeko esinembali yobusoshiyali, iCottbus inonxibelelwano olukhethekileyo kwimbali yobukoloniyali. Ngokwahlukileyo kwizixeko ezininzi zaseNtshona Jamani, amagama ezitrato zamakoloniyali kunye nezikhumbuzo zatshintshwa kwangeminyaka yoo-1950. Nangona kunjalo, kwiindawo ezininzi esixekweni kukho ukunqongophala kokuphononongwa kwakhona kwekoloniyalizim kunye nemveliso yolwazi ehambelana nayo - zombini ngokwembali nangoku.

Izikhululo ezigxininise ngaphantsi koluhlu - zihlala zisebenzisa iindawo eziphathekayo njengemizekelo - ukusuka kwizenzo ze-cartographic, "ukuqokelela" intsalela yabantu, i (non-) inkumbulo yeemfazwe zobukoloniyali, ukuthatha inxaxheba kweNkosana uPückler kwintengiso yekhoboka, kwiindawo zemihla ngemihla zokuzonwabisa, ukusebenza kunye nokufuduka kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokobuhlanga kwi-1992 kunye nokugxila kwi-concentrations kunye nokugxilwa kwe-concentration kwi-1992. isoshiyali kunye nokubaluleka kobu budlelwane ukuze kuqondwe ngcono ubuhlanga ngoku.

Izikhululo zomntu ngamnye zimalunga namabali angekakhunjulwa kancinane ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Inyaniso yokuba la mabali enqabile angabonisa ukuba zombini i-GDR yangaphambili kunye neFRG yanamhlanje ayikhange iqwalasele kwaye iqwalasele unxibelelwano phakathi kwamandla nolwazi kwikoloniyalizim.

NgoLwesine, ngoSeptemba 1, 2022, savula i Dekoloniale Festival 2022 eningizimu yeBerlin, sigxile kwizithili zaseFriedrichshain-Kreuzberg, Neukölln, naseTempelhof-Schöneberg. Siqale e-Mariannenplatz nakwiStudio 1 kwikota yobugcisa yase-Bethanien kwaye saphonononga inkululeko kunye noxhathiso lwemfuduko [ye] yobukoloniyali kwiindibano zocweyo, iingxoxo zephaneli, ithiyetha, kunye nemidlalo. Njengakwixesha eliphakathi kweNkomfa yase-Afrika yaseBerlin ngo-1884/85 kunye nokuhluthwa kwamandla amaNazi ngo-1933, ezi zithili zaseBerlin zisabonakala namhlanje ngothungelwano oluninzi lwabadlali bomnombo wase-Afrika abathi, nangona impembelelo yabo ebalulekileyo, ingabonakali kwimemori ehlangeneyo okanye ibonakala kwindawo yoluntu.

NgoLwesihlanu, i-2 Septemba, sadibana neendwendwe zethu ezivela kwii-colonies zaseJamani zangaphambili e-Afrika e-Mariannenplatz kwi- Decolonial Africa Conference 2022 .

Ingqwalasela yalo mnyhadala ibigxile kakhulu kwimisebenzi yobugcisa kunye nongenelelo lwasezidolophini yaBahlali abathathu Dekoloniale Berlin 2022, kunye neebhayografi zokubaluleka kwabafuduki bobukoloniyali kunye neendawo ezinxulumene nazo, esithe sazityelela njengenxalenye yokhenketho losuku olupheleleyo lwedolophu ye-decolonial ngoMgqibelo, umhla wesi-3 kuSeptemba.

NgeCawa, ngoSeptemba 4, sagqiba i- Dekoloniale Festival 2022 ngokutshintshiselana namaqabane ethu avela kwi-Contemporary And (C &), iBerlin Biennale 12 kunye neMyuziyam yaseFriedrichshain-Kreuzberg.

I - Dekoloniale Festival 2021 ifinyeze kwaye ibonise imixholo ehambelana neprojekthi ye Dekoloniale ngokubanzi ngamagalelo obugcisa kunye neengxoxo. Kulo nyaka, sityelele i-East Berlin: Phakathi kwe-15 kunye ne-17 ka-Oktobha, savula umboniso ohlaziyiweyo ohlaziyiweyo othi "Ukujonga Emva - uMboniso wokuQala wamaKoloni waseJamani we-1896 eBerlin-Treptow" kwiMyuziyam yeSithili saseTreptow-Köpenick. Sikwabonise ungenelelo lobugcisa lweNdawo zokuHlala zase Dekoloniale Berlin ezintathu ngo-2021 eluntwini kwaye saxoxa ukuba ingaba kwaye njani ukuchithwa kwemyuziyam yemyuziyam kunokwenzeka.

....

Qaphela : Ukuba ufuna ukubukela iividiyo ezinemibhalo engezantsi, ungazifumana kwibar esezantsi phantsi kwe»CC«, apho unokukhetha phakathi kwemibhalo engezantsi yesiJamani okanye yesiNgesi.

"[De] ukufuduka kwamakoloniyali" yayiyisihloko soMnyhadala Dekoloniale ka-2022, apho sijonge ngokusondeleyo kwizithili zaseFriedrichshain-Kreuzberg kunye neTempelhof-Schöneberg. Njengakwixesha eliphakathi kweNkomfa yase-Afrika yaseBerlin ngo-1884/85 kunye nokuhluthwa kwamandla amaNazi ngo-1933, ezi zithili zaseBerlin zisabonakala namhlanje ngothungelwano oluninzi lwabadlali bomnombo wase-Afrika abathi, nangona impembelelo yabo ebalulekileyo, ingabonakali kwimemori ehlangeneyo okanye ibonakala kwindawo yoluntu.

Kanye kunye noVitjitua Ndjiharine (NAM), uMaya Alam (D / USA), kunye noLulu Jemimah-abaculi abathathu be- Dekoloniale Residency 2022-kunye neembali-mlando kunye nabagqugquzeli, ngubani ngamnye wanika imiboniso emfutshane, satyelela iindawo ezibalulekileyo zembali zokuchasana ne-anti-colonial kumazantsi eBerlin. Lo mnyhadala ugxile kwimisebenzi yobugcisa kunye nongenelelo lwasezidolophini Dekoloniale Berlin Abahlali ngo-2022, kunye neendawo zamakholoniyali abafuduki bebhayografi, esiye sazindwendwela kwaye ngokwembali yahambelana nomxholo ngexesha lokuhamba imini yonke ye-decolonial kwisixeko.

Na: Kwesi Aikins, Dr. Robbie Aitken, Maya Alam, Dr. Imani Tafari Ama, Judith Bauernfeind, Lulu Jemimah, Christian Kopp, Philipp Kojo Metz, Vitjitua Ndjiharine, Maresa Pinto, Anna Yeboah nabanye abaninzi

Ukususela ngoSeptemba 14 ukuya kwi-17, i- Dekoloniale Festival 2023 igxininise ngokukodwa kwisithili saseCharlottenburg-Wilmersdorf entshonalanga yeBerlin. Umnyhadala wavulwa kunye nomboniso wentsebenziswano "Solidarize Yourseself! Black Resistance and Global Anticolonialism eBerlin, 1919-1933" kunye neMyuziyam yaseCharlottenburg-Wilmersdorf eVilla Oppenheim. I- Dekoloniale Festival iphinde ibonise inkomfa ethi "Bandung Revis[it]ed" kunye nomboniso "AGITP[R]OP!" of the Dekoloniale Berlin Residency 2023 at BHROX bauhaus reuse. Njengenxalenye yokhenketho lwesixeko Dekoloniale , iindawo zembali nezexesha langoku ziye zatyelelwa kwaye zachazwa ziingcali kwindawo ekudibana kuyo inzululwazi, ubugcisa kunye nobutshantliziyo.

Umxholo ongaphantsi

Kwimfazwe yaseBerlin, eJiphutha, eSyria, ePalestine, kunye nabanye abafundi abaninzi abangama-Arabhu abavela kumathanga ahlukeneyo nakwimimandla egunyazisiweyo badibana kwiiyunivesithi. Ukuqala ngo-1923, baququzelela kunye e -El Arabiya , umbutho wokuqala wabafundi base-Arab kwi-German Reich. Amalungu e- El Arabiya abonakalise ngokuchasene ne-imperialism yaseYurophu kwaye axhasa intshukumo yenkululeko kwimimandla yabo yaseBerlin. Kwangaxeshanye, bathatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo zezifundo zobukoloniyali ngeentetho kunye neesemina kwaye baseka amaziko emfundo afana ne-Islamia ngo-1924 kunye ne-Islamic Institute ngo-1927.

Iziphumo zokungavisisani kwabantu basempuma kwiidyunivesithi zaseBerlin zibonisa, kwelinye icala, indlela uqhanqalazo oluchasene nobukoloniyali oluye lwahambela phambili ngayo kwihlabathi liphela ecaleni kwamandla amatsha okwanda kweYurophu ngeminyaka yoo-1920s. Kwelinye icala, kuyacaca ukuba ikomkhulu lakomkhulu laphuhla laba liziko lolu qhankqalazo. Imbali ka -El Arabiya ibonisa indlela abafuduki bekoloniyali kwi-Reich yaseJamani ababezibophelele ngayo ekulweni ubukoloniyali kunye nokubumba iimbono zehlabathi ze-decolonial.

UmTshayina uHu Lanqi wayelitsha-ntliziyo lezopolitiko elalihlala eBerlin phakathi ko-1929 no-1933. EBerlin wayesebenza kwimibutho yobukomanisi kwaye esilwa ne-impiriyalizim yaseJapan eTshayina. Ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhe yezobupolitika, wabanjwa yiNational Socialists ngowe-1933 waza wavalelwa kwintolongo yamabhinqa yaseBerlin. Wabhala uthotho lwamanqaku malunga nokuhlala kwakhe kwaye waziwa kwizangqa zamakomanisi kunye nezoncwadi.

Ukubuyela e-China, u-Hu waqeshwa njenge-general yokuqala yase-China kwaye waququzelela umbutho wabasetyhini. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuba amakomanisi eqalise ukulawula, yahlelwa njenge "right-winger" ngo-1957 kwaye yahlaziywa kuphela ngo-1970. UHu wasweleka ngo-1994 kwisixeko sakhe saseChengdu.

Njengomlweli ochasene nobukoloniyali, umfundi kunye nomkomanisi, u-Hu wayekhokele ubomi bezizwe ngezizwe kwaye wasebenza nabadlali abaphambili kuthungelwano lwamakomanisi achasene nama impiriyali ngexesha lemfazwe.

Ukususela ngowe-1884 ukusa kowe-1915, uBukhosi baseJamani baba lithanga kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiNamibia. Ukususela ekuqaleni, amaqela ahlukeneyo abemi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ayesilwa ngokuchasene nekoloniyali kunye nokwandiswa kwemimandla, ngelixa abanye bezama ukuthobela igunya lobukoloniyali. NgoJanuwari ka-1904, imibutho ye-OvaHero kunye ne-OvaMbanderu yazikhusela kwaye yaxhathisa ukubiwa komhlaba nemfuyo kunye nolawulo olukhulayo kunye nenkundla. Bagqogqa iifama ezininzi zabahlali, babulala malunga ne-140 yamadoda aseJamani, kodwa banika indlela ekhuselekileyo kubafazi nabantwana. Baphinde bahlasela iziseko zamakholoniyali kwaye batshabalalisa izibonelelo zikaloliwe kunye neepali zocingo.

Irhuluneli kunye nomphathi-ntloko uLothar von Trotha wayalela ukuba kutshatyalaliswe iOvaHero ngo-Okthobha 1904 nangoAprili 1905 wamaNama, naye owayengenele ukuchasa ekupheleni kuka-1904. Umhlaba wabo wohluthwa lulawulo lwamakoloniyali emva koko wathengiselwa abemi baseJamani. Ngeli xesha, imikhosi yamakoloniyali yaseJamani nayo yenza ukubulawa kwabantu kunye nenkohlakalo kumawakawaka eSan naseDamara.

IHamburg yayinxibelelene ngokusondeleyo nolu tshabalaliso: Iinkampani zaseHamburg kunye neebhanki zenze utyalo-mali kuphango lobukoloniyali kwaye zafumana inzuzo kubukoloniyali. Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, esi sixeko sihlonipha izaphuli-mthetho ezingamathanga. Kwangaxeshanye, kukho abantu abazimiseleyo ekwamkeleni izinto zangaphambili, bacele uxolo nembuyekezo, nabalwela inkcubeko enesidima yokukhumbula. Eli nqaku lidibanisa ezinye zezi ndawo zibalulekileyo, amaphulo kunye nemisitho yaseNamibia, eHamburg nase-USA.

IMissahoé ngummandla oneenduli kufutshane nedolophu yaseKpalimé eTogo, enikezela ngembono yepanoramic yendawo ejikelezileyo ukusuka kwindawo ephakamileyo. Indawo yayo ecwangcisiweyo yejografi yenza ukuba ibe yindawo enomtsalane kumkhosi wamakoloniyali waseJamani, owaseka amaziko awo apha ngexesha lobukoloniyali.

Igama elithi "Missahoé" libuyela kwigosa le-colonial yaseJamani kunye noMkomishinala we-Imperial waseTogo, uJesko von Puttkamer, owathiya indawo "iMisahöhe" ngokuhlonipha umthandi wakhe, uMária "Misa" Esterházy de Galántha (1859-1926). Eli gama liyintsalela nje yembali yobukoloniyali; ngokuqonda okanye ngokungazi, ixesha elidlulileyo lokuhlala kobukoloniyali liye langena ngokunzulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi bayo.

Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, siye sasebenzisana nabahlali, abaphandi, amagcisa, kunye nabenzi bhanyabhanya, silungiselela iingxoxo kunye neendibano zocweyo, kwaye sivelisa zombini iifilimu kunye neefilimu. Kulo msebenzi wentsebenziswano, siphonononga imbali ephantse yalityalwa kwaye sizame ukuphinda sicinge ngela xesha ngoku ngokunxulumene nelifa lobukoloniyali. Eli nqaku libonelela ngeembono kulo msebenzi.

I-Robert Koch Institute (RKI), ikomkhulu eMtshato, ngoku inegunya lomanyano lwezifo ezosulelayo kunye nezingasuleliyo. Njengeziko lezempilo likarhulumente, liye laziwa kuninzi lwabemi, ngakumbi ukusukela oko kubhubhani we-corona ka-2020.

Eli ziko lathiywa ngoRobert Koch (1843-1910), owathi, kunye noLouis Pasteur, bagqalwa njengoyena mseki ubalulekileyo wenzululwazi yebhaktiriya. Ugqirha, i-microbiologist kunye ne-hygienist iphumelele udumo lwehlabathi kunye nophando lwakhe kwi-anthrax, ukufunyanwa kwe-cholera pathogen kwaye, ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, ukufunyanwa kwe-pathogen ebangela isifo sofuba.

Ukubandakanyeka kukaRobert Koch kwikoloniyalizim (yaseJamani) akwaziwa kakhulu. Isazinzulu, esikwathathwa ngokuba ngumseki wamayeza ashushu kunye nococeko eJamani, uye wachaza ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ukulwa nezifo zetropiki - ngakumbi isifo seengcongconi - "kuya kuhambelana nokunqoba ngoxolo kwawona mazwe amahle kwaye achumileyo emhlabeni." Ngokombono wakhe I-Bacteriology kunye ne-colonialism yayinephupha eliqhelekileyo: lelo "lokulawula" izifo ezifana ne "tropical fever".

Esi sicatshulwa sisicatshulwa esihleliweyo sencwadi ethi “Berlin. Eine postkoloniale Metropole. "

Ulwazi malunga nezityalo ludlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu ukususela ekuqaleni kokwanda kobukoloniyali baseYurophu. Yayingeyogolide nje ekhazimlayo eqhube ubukoloniyali, kodwa nomnqweno wokufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwizityalo esele zaziwa eYurophu, njengepepile, isinamoni, i-nutmeg kunye nezinye iziqholo. Oko kubizwa ngokuba “ngumphumela kaColumbus” kwaqala ngowe-1492? Utshintsho lwendalo kunye nezolimo lobungakanani obukhulu kumacala omabini eAtlantiki, kwaye kamva kwihlabathi liphela: ukutshintshiselana kunye nokusebenzisana kwezityalo ezingaziwayo zitshintshe iindawo ezininzi zoluntu kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, iitapile, umbona, iitumato, icuba namandongomane, zazingaziwa ngaphaya kweMerika. Ngokwahlukileyo, kwakungekho zihlahla zekofu okanye umoba, itswele okanye imithi yebhanana njengaseYurophu, eAfrika naseAsia.

Ukudaya, ukutya, ulonwabo, amayeza, ulwakhiwo kunye namalaphu: izityalo yayizizixhobo ezixabisekileyo. Eminye, njengebrazilwood ( ibirapitanga kwintsapho yolwimi lwemveli lwesiTupi–Guarani) kumahlathi akunxweme lweAtlantiki yaseBrazil, yagawulwa ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-16 ukuya ngasekupheleni kwe-18. Ezinye izityalo ezifana ne-indigo, umqhaphu, icuba kunye nommoba kwafuneka zilinywe, zijongwe, zivunwe kwaye zilungiswe ngabantu abangamakhoboka baseAfrika abasuka kumasimi aseMelika ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe kwizixeko zamazibuko iHamburg neAltona.

Apho, uphando oluchanekileyo kunye nokuchongwa kwezityalo ezivela kwiindawo zamakholoni zahamba kunye nomdla wezorhwebo kwizityalo ezinenzuzo kunye neemeko zabo zokukhula. Ukufikelela kunye nokufumana kolwazi lwemveli olunxulunyaniswa nezi zibonelelo nako kudlale indima ebalulekileyo. Eli nqaku liqaqambisa ezinye iindawo ezijikeleza ukuvela kwebhotani eHamburg ngokunxulumene nobukoloniyali.

Namhlanje, iGibeon (!Khaxa-tsûs) ngumasipala kummandla waseHardap kuMazantsi eNamibia enabemi abangama-4000, kuma-70 km kumazantsi ekomkhulu lommandla iMariental, ime kufutshane neGreat Fish River, ikhondo lamanzi lamaxesha athile onyaka. maxa wambi izikhukula ezinkulu. Njengendawo yokuhlala esisigxina, iGibeon ibuyela kwi-1863 xa uKaptein Kido (Cupido) Witbooi we / Khowesen wahlala apho. Emva kwamaxesha anzima asekupheleni kwenkulungwane ^ye- 19, iGibheon yaba likomkhulu lesithili phantsi kolawulo lobukoloniyali baseJamani kunye nendawo yokuhlala esemthethweni yaseKaptein Hendrik Witbooi (Auta !Nanseb) xa wayenyanzelwe 'kwisivumelwano sokhuselo' ligunya lobukoloniyali baseJamani. ngowe-1894. Ngo-1904, iGibheyon yayiyindawo yokuqala yemfazwe yamaNama namaJamani (1904-1908).

Emva kwembubhiso, uNama wayekwazi ukubuya kancinci emva kwemfazwe, kwaye phantsi kolawulo loMzantsi Afrika (1915-1990) iWitbooi yaphinda yafumana indawo eyingozi kwiKrantzplatz Reserve edibana nedolophu yaseGibeon ukuya eMntla. Ngeli xesha lide, babambelele ngokungqongqo kumathuba ayingozi ababewanikwa ukukhusela umanyano loluntu. Ngeminyaka yoo-1970, ngokubambelela kweenkokheli ezibalulekileyo zamaNama kwi-SWAPO, iGibeon yaba 'likomkhulu laseMzantsi' kumbutho wenkululeko. Yayisisazulu esibalulekileyo semfundo.

Emva kokuzimela, indawo yokuhlala yahlanganiswa kumasipala kunye neziko le-constituency ye-Hardap Regional Council. Ihlala ilikomkhulu lemveli le/Khowesen.

Ngenkulungwane ye-19, kwakukho ubudlelwane borhwebo phakathi kweHamburg nePeru, eyathi yazimela ngowe-1821, nto leyo eyaba negalelo elibonakalayo ekuchumeni kweHamburg. I-guano ekrwada yadlala indima ekhethekileyo. Sisichumisi sendalo esenziwe ngelindle lentaka yaselwandle eyomiswe lilanga, amathambo kunye namaqokobhe amaqanda. Izigidi zeentaka zaselwandle zihlala kwiziqithi ezincinci ze-guano ezikufutshane nonxweme. Bafumana ukutya kwabo kwintabalala yeentlanzi kwi-Humboldt Current ebandayo. Igama elithi guano ( huanu ) lisuka kulwimi lwesiQuechua kwaye lithetha “ubulongwe” okanye “ubulongwe”.

Yayingumhloli uAlexander von Humboldt (1769 - 1859) owathi, ngexesha lokuhlala kwakhe ePeru ngo-1802, wathumela iisampulu zokuqala ze-guano ukusuka kwiZiqithi zaseChincha ukuya eYurophu ukuze zihlalutywe. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba ziqulethe isixa esikhulu senitrogen, ngaphezu kwaso nasiphi na isichumisi esaziwayo eYurophu.

Ukukhula kwemizi-mveliso kweYurophu, okwaqalisa ngenkulungwane ye-19, kwafuna isivuno esandisiweyo sezolimo ukuze kondliwe abantu abakhulayo ezixekweni. Izithako ze-guano yasePeruvia - i-potassium, i-nitrogen kunye neetyuwa ze-phosphorus - zihambelana nokucetyiswa kwamasimi. Imfuno ephezulu yeGuano yasePeru kurhwebo lwehlabathi eyaqala ngowe-1840 yakhokelela ekuphelisweni ngokupheleleyo koovimba be-guano kwiziqithi ezithathu ezinkulu, iZiqithi zaseChincha, kwisithuba seminyaka engamashumi amane.

Ebudeni bamashumi ambalwa eminyaka yobukoloniyali obusesikweni baseJamani kwilizwekazi laseAfrika, kwiPasifiki, naseTshayina, uninzi lwengqokelela yanamhlanje yenkolo yaphelela kwiimyuziyam zaseJamani: Izazinzulu, abasebenzi basemkhosini, kunye nabavangeli basemazweni bafumana izigidi zezinto zakudala ngokutshintshiselana ngobuqhetseba okanye ubusela obunobundlobongela. Ngaphaya koko, abaphandi kunye nabasebenzi basemkhosini baphinde baphanga amangcwaba ookhokho baza bazisa amathambo abantu eJamani, apho asetyenziswa gwenxa kuphando lwenzululwazi, ezinye zazo ezisahlala kwiimyuziyam kude kube namhlanje.

Amaziko amaninzi eLeipzig agcina ubuncwane benkcubeko obuziswe eJamani ngexesha lobukoloniyali phantsi kweemeko ezithandabuzekayo nezihlala zingacacanga. Ezi ziquka iGrassi Museum of Ethnology, iDyunivesithi, kunye neLeipzig Mission Society. Ukusukela ekusekweni kwayo ngenkulungwane ye-19, iMyuziyam yaseGrassi ikwindawo ebaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yesixeko.

Ukunyolukela izinto ezikrwada kunye nokulindelwa kwengeniso eninzi kwabangela ukuba abarhwebi noosomashishini baseJamani batyale imali kumashishini angamathanga. Ukuze baxhaphaze ngokwezoqoqosho imimandla yaphesheya kunye nokudala iimarike ezintsha zokuthengisa, baseka amaqumrhu. Bafumana umhlaba, benza amasimi baza basebenza, kwakhiwa imizila kaloliwe kwaza kwembiwa nezinto ezikrwada. Uninzi lwezi nkampani zangaphambi kobukoloniyali kunye nezobukoloniyali zaseJamani zokurhweba, ezothutho, ezolimo, ezemigodi kunye neenkampani zezityalo zazizinze eBerlin, eHamburg okanye eBremen. Kodwa abarhwebi, oosomashishini kunye nosomashishini batyale imali kwiiprojekthi zoqoqosho lobukoloniyali ngaphandle kweedolophu ezinkulu kunye nezixeko ezinkulu zamazibuko - kubandakanya iRhineland kunye neWestphalia.

Olu luntu lwaba negalelo elikhulu ekuxhatshazweni kweekoloni kunye nokucinezelwa kwamawaka ngamawaka abantu. Abemi baseYurophu babecinga ukuba abemi bomthonyama babenokufumaneka kubo njengabasebenzi abaphantsi. Noko ke, ekubeni ngokoqobo kwakunzima ukufumana abantu abaneleyo ukuba benze umsebenzi onzima owenziwe emasimini, emigodini nasekwakheni koololiwe, abemi bomthonyama ngokufuthi babenyanzelwa ukuba basebenze ngokungeniswa kweerhafu okanye ngokunyanzelwa. Isohlwayo sokubethwa sasisemthethweni kwiikoloni. Abasebenzi bekhontrakthi nabo baqeshwa e-China okanye kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia, okubizwa ngokuba yi-coolies, kwafuneka basebenze phantsi kweemeko ezingenabuntu.

Izityalo ezazinengeniso kurhwebo lobukoloniyali zazilinywe ngokulima enye emasimini. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwabangela intshabalalo kanaphakade yendalo.

Eli nqaku lilandelayo linika ingqiqo apho abarhwebi baseRhine nabaseWestphalian, oosomashishini noosomashishini bathathe inxaxheba ekuxhatshazweni kobutyebi bendalo kunye nabasebenzi abaphantsi.

Umbindi wesixeko saseBremen uqulathe imikhondo eyahlukeneyo yembali yobukoloniyali, ebonisa ukusebenzisana kwezinto ezininzi ezibe negalelo kuxhatshazo lobukoloniyali eAfrika, eAsia nakwiZiqithi zePasifiki kunye nokunyuka okuhambelana neBremen njengesixeko sorhwebo.

Ukumisa kolu khenketho kuphawula ukudityaniswa kweemeko zobukoloniyali, okubangelwa yimpembelelo yabarhwebi ngabanye, umsebenzi wobuvangeli basemazweni, kunye norhwebo lwempahla yobukoloniyali. Ezi ziquka ilitye lesikhumbuzo lika-Chancellor u-Otto von Bismarck, i-Cotton Exchange kunye ne-Böttcherstraße, i-Hachez & Co. chocolate delicatessen, kunye nekomkhulu loMbutho wabavangeli basemazweni waseNyakatho Jamani.

Amagama ezitalato asetyenziselwa uqhelaniso kwindawo yasezidolophini, kodwa azalisekisa imisebenzi yesikhumbuzo yezopolitiko: Ngokuthiya izitrato ngamagama abantu, iindawo okanye iziganeko, ezi ziwonga kwaye zimiliselwe kwinkumbulo edibeneyo yabemi besixeko. Ngoko ke bahlala bebonakalisa i-historiography ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga abo babenamandla okanye banamandla okugqiba ngamagama ezitalato.

Kangangamashumi eminyaka kukho iingxabano eziqalwe luluntu malunga namagama ezitalato anika imbeko abadlali okanye izenzo zobuhlanga. Njengomthetho, i-contextualization ebalulekileyo (umzekelo, ngeendlela zeempawu ezichazayo) kwaye, kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, ukuphinda kuthiwe ngokutsha kuyafuneka kwezi zinto, kuba ubundlobongela bekoloniyali kunye nokudelela abantu akufanele kuzukiswe kwi-cityscape.

Oku kuyasebenza naseLeipzig, kuba nalapha kukho amagama ezitrato amaninzi abonisa ukubandakanyeka kwesixeko kucalucalulo lobukoloniyali. Ngokwahlukileyo kwizixeko zaseNtshona Jamani, izitrato ezininzi ezinemvelaphi yobukoloniyali zazisele zithiywe ngokutsha ngexesha leGDR. Kuba umkhondo wasuswa ngokuzolileyo, uphononongo olubanzi lwembali yobukoloniyali aluzange lwenziwe naseMpuma Jamani.

Kwimeko yokutshintshwa kwegama lesitrato, kukwakho nethuba lokutshintsha iimbono zabenzi bobubi ukuya kwezo zazifudula zibubukoloniyali, ngaloo ndlela kubonakale ukuchasana nolawulo lobukoloniyali kunye neengcinga zobukoloniyali. Ireferensi yekholoniyali-yembali yegama igciniwe, kodwa abadlali ababengahoywa ngaphambili kunye namabali angabonakaliyo afika ekuqapheliseni uluntu. Elinye igama le-Ernst-Pinkert-Strasse elinikezelwe kumseki weLeipzig Zoo iya kuba nguHassan Essahas, owabulawa yinyumoniya ngo-1906 ngexesha "lomboniso wabantu" kwiZoo yaseLeipzig.

E-Potsdam, ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kwenqaba yeCawa yaseGarrison kuyaqhubeka: iprojekthi esele yasiliwa iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, ekubeni icawe imele unxibelelwano phakathi kwecawa nembali yomkhosi ngendlela engazange ibekho eJamani. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-2020, iGarrison Church Foundation yabonisa umbono womboniso osisigxina. Ingaba imisebenzi yesiseko yenza ubulungisa kwilifa elinomthwalo wecawe ngumxholo wengxoxo eshushu.

Inxalenye yeli lifa ngumsebenzi wabefundisi ababini kwicawa yamajoni ngokunxulumene nokucinezelwa kweYìhétuán Yùndòng - "iMovement of Associations for Justice and Harmony" - kwimfazwe ebizwa ngokuba yi-Boxer War e-China nangexesha lokubulawa kwabantu. Ovaherero kunye namaNama kwi "German- Southwest Africa", iNamibia yanamhlanje.

Aba befundisi babini babephila ngaxeshanye. UJohannes Kessler , owazalwa ngo-1865, wayengumfundisi wenkundla kunye nomfundisi wasemkhosini ePotsdam ukusuka ngo-1893. UMax Schmidt, owayenonyaka ubudala, wangena ezihlangwini zakhe njengomfundisi womkhosi ngowe-1906 waza waba ngumfundisi wenkundla ngowe-1908.

Eli nqaku lenziwe ngokubambisana ngokusondeleyo kunye ne "Lernort Garrison Church", owenza uphando olongezelelweyo malunga nelifa lobukoloniyali beCawa yaseGarrison kunye "noMhla wePotsdam".

Imisebenzi yobukoloniyali ayizange yandiselwa kuphela kwimimandla yaseYurophu eMelika, eAfrika, eAsia naseOceania. I-Colonialism nayo yabumba uluntu olwalukhonya: ukusuka kwiindlela zobukhosi kunye nokusetyenziswa ukuya kwimveliso yolwazi lobukoloniyali kunye nokubonakaliswa kobuhlanga kwabantu bemveli kunye nabaMnyama kubugcisa, inkcubeko kunye norhwebo.

Ingakumbi iindlela ezidumileyo zokubonisa abantu abacalucalulo ngokobuhlanga nabacalucalulo kwakubizwa ngokuba “yimiboniso yobuzwe” kwiigadi zikawonke-wonke okanye kwimizi yogcino-zilwanyana. Kodwa imiboniso kwiimyuziyam ze-ethnology kunye nembali yendalo, eyasekwa njenge "cathedrals yolwazi" emitsha ukususela phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukuya phambili, nayo yayithandwa ngabantu abamhlophe abaphakathi. Ukongeza, abantwana kunye nabantu abadala baqokelele imifanekiso yentengiso eyimibalabala ebonisa abantu abasuka kwiindawo eziphantsi kobukoloniyali ngendlela ethobayo okanye ehlekisayo.

Oyena mququzeleli udumileyo wemizi yogcino-zilwanyana yabantu yayinguCarl Hagenbeck (1844-1913), onomzi wogcino-zilwanyana usekho nanamhlanje. Le midlalo yayithoba isidima kwaye inokuchazwa njengeendawo zemveliso yeemvakalelo zokongamela kwabamhlophe kunye nolawulo lobukholoniyali localucalulo ngokobuhlanga - nokuba imiboniso embalwa “yayizilungiselele” ngabantu abaMnyama kunye nabantu bebala, ngeenjongo zokufumana imali okanye baphile njengomntu ongengomhlophe phantsi koSocialism kaZwelonke.
Inzala yabathathi-nxaxheba kumyezo wezilwanyana, abafana nowayesakuba yintshatsheli yebhola ekhatywayo yehlabathi uChristian Lali Kake Karembeu, bafuna – ukuza kuthi ga ngoku abaphumeleliyo – uxolo kunye nokufikelela koovimba beshishini losapho.

Eli nqaku liqaqambisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zemiboniso yabantu yobukoloniyali eHamburg kunye nezimvo zabo ezihlala ixesha elide ezifikelela kule mihla. Ngenxa yentlonipho kunye nokuphepha ukuveliswa kwemimiselo yobuhlanga bobukoloniyali, uyayeka ukusebenzisa imifanekiso eyaziwayo yezi ziganeko.

Kolu hlelo lwesibini Dekoloniale [Re]Revisions Think Tank, sijongana nembali ende kunye nentsha yangoku yamabango embuyekezo: Ingaba iinkcubeko zala maxesha zaseAfrika zokukhumbula zimi njani xa zingekho izinto zazo zenkcubeko nezingcwele kunye neentsalela zabantu ezivela kwimeko yobukoloniyali? (Ngokuqinisekileyo) kufuneka kuphinde kucingwe ngokutsha njani iimyuziyam njengeziko? Ingaba le 'Myuziyam yase-Afrika Entsha' ingaba yindawo edlamkileyo ye-polylogue, isikhumbuzo kunye nomboniso-kunye nentatho-nxaxheba yoluntu?

Ngeminyaka yee-1960, iGDR yaqalisa ukuqesha abasebenzi bekhontrakthi kumazwe awayebizwa ngokuba ngabazalwana bobusoshiyali afana neVietnam, Cuba, Algeria, Angola, Poland, Bulgaria neMozambique ukuhlangabezana nemfuno ekhulayo yabasebenzi. Ngo-1979, isivumelwano satyikitywa neMozambique esathi sadala iimeko zokuqesha abantu baseMozambique abamalunga nama-20,000 kwiinkampani ezahlukeneyo ze-GDR, ingakumbi kwimveliso.

“Ubusoshiyali obukhoyo ngokwenene” ngokuyintloko babuphathelele umsebenzi: imibutho ekucingelwa ukuba ayinamveliso yayinokunyanzelwa ukuba ibuyele kumazwe ayo. Abantu abathe bangakwazi ukusebenza ngenxa yokugula ngengqondo, ukwenzakala kakhulu okanye ukukhulelwa bagxothwa. Oku akuzange kuhambelane nengqiqo yongxowankulu kuphela apho amaqumrhu afumana ixabiso kuphela ngemveliso yawo, kodwa amele ubudlelwane bobukoloniyali kunye noosolusapho apho amaqumrhu abantu abacalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, ngakumbi abo babhinqileyo abacalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, babephantsi kwemilinganiselo ekhohlakeleyo ukunyanzelisa imveliso.

Ukhenketho olulandelayo lumalunga nebali labo. Isekelwe kwizicatshulwa ezivela kwiincoko ezahlukeneyo kunye nodliwano-ndlebe kunye namatsha ntliziyo aseMozambique uAna Raquel Masoio, uAna Manganhela, uJulia Simbine, uLeia, uAugusta José Macandua kunye noJudite Armando, we- Associação das Mulheres Feministas Mocambicanas Regressadas da AlemastRA yaseJamani iMfF yoMbutho wabaseTyhini baseMturn of Alemanha (A) Babonisa indlela imibutho yocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga eMozambique kunye neGDR iqhubeka nokumisela ubomi baba bafazi ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje - kunye nendlela abazikhusela ngayo kubo.

IMyuziyam yamaKoloni yaseJamani yavulwa ngo-1899 kwindawo ngoku ngoku sesona sikhululo sikaloliwe saseBerlin, esasisaziwa njengeLehrter Bahnhof. Injongo yale myuziyam, ixhaswa yinkqubo yobukoloniyali, yayikukukhuthaza “inkitha ebanzi” kubukoloniyali baseJamani.

Imyuziyam yavalwa ngo-1915, kungekudala emva kokuqhambuka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala, ngenxa yezizathu zemali.

Lo mbhalo uyisicatshulwa esihleliweyo kwincwadi ethi "Berlin. A Postcolonial Metropolis."

Umhla we-15 kaNovemba uphawule isikhumbuzo seminyaka eli-136 yeNkomfa yase-Afrika yaseBerlin. Ukuphawula lo mhla, iNkcubeko yokuKhumbula Dekoloniale inkcubeko yokukhumbula esixekweni yabiza iNkomfa Dekoloniale Berlin Africa ngomhla we-15 kaNovemba 2020, ngentsimbi yesi-2:00 emva kwemini.

Isiganeko sasasazwa bukhoma kwindawo yeprojekthi Dekoloniale eWilhelmstraße 92 eBerlin-Mitte. Indawo yeprojekthi eWilhelmstraße 92 iphakathi kweendawo zangaphambili zeReich Chancellery kunye ne-Federal Foreign Office, iindawo zeziganeko ngelo xesha. Ngomnyaka we-1884, oonozakuzaku bamazwe aseYurophu, iUnited States, kunye noBukhosi baseOttoman badibana kwiNgqonyela yeReich ngokumenywa koBukhosi baseJamani kunye neRiphabhliki yaseFransi ukuba bavumelane ngemithetho yolwahlulo lobukoloniyali belizwekazi kwaye ngaloo ndlela kananjalo ekuxhatshazweni kweAfrika.

Ngelixa kwiNkomfa yaseAfrika eyimbali, amadoda amhlophe ali-19 achitha iinyanga ezine elungelelanisa iimfuno zawo zobukoloniyali kwilizwekazi laseAfrika, ngoku siye sabiza ikomiti echasene nobukoloniyali ebandakanya abafazi abali-19 abaneembali zaseAfrika. INkomfa ye-Afrika Dekoloniale Berlin yintshayelelo kunye nesiqalo seNkcubeko yokuKhumbula Dekoloniale inkcubeko yokukhumbula esixekweni.

Ngeqela elivela kwiNkcubeko yeMemori Dekoloniale inkcubeko yokukhumbula esixekweni, i-Tarik Tesfu kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba beenkomfa ze-19.

"Sula indlela, vumela amakhoboka adlule / Siya inkululeko yethu / asifuni naliphi na igazi / oh sinikeze inkululeko". Le ngoma yavakala ngowe-1848 xa abantu abayi-8 000 badlula eFrederiksted kwisiqithi saseDenmark esikwiCaribbean eSt. Abantu abangamakhoboka babexhathise ngokuphindaphindiweyo apho. Le mvukelo ekugqibeleni yakhokelela ekubeni bakhululwe.

IDenmark yaba ligunya lokuqala lobukoloniyali ukuvala ukurhweba ngabantu ngo-1792. Isizathu soku mhlawumbi sasingaphantsi ngenxa yeengcamango zobuntu kunokuba kuqwalaselwe urhwebo. Kodwa ukuvalwa kwezorhwebo kwaphunyezwa kuphela ngesiqingatha sentliziyo; Ukongezelela, ukuba nabantu abangamakhoboka kwahlala kuvunyelwe. Kwaye ngokulinganayo uhlaziyo olungenantliziyo ngokulinganayo kumasimi alwenzanga nto ingako ukuphucula iimeko zokusebenza ezinzima.

Imeko esemthethweni yabantu abangakhululekanga ababeziswe eHamburg besuka kwiCaribbean nakwezinye iindawo ezazingamathanga yayingaqinisekanga. Imizobo kunye nemibhalo ingqina ubukho babo kwiindawo zokuhlala, nangona zimbalwa izinto ezinokuthi zifumaneke, njengokuhlala okufutshane kwenkwenkwe ekhoboka kwindlu yomrhwebi uJan Tecker Gayen eKlopstockstrasse 2-21.

Lo mbhalo usinika ukukhanya kumzabalazo wenkululeko yabantu ababengamakhoboka kunye nabasuka kwiziqithi zeCaribbean ezazilawulwa yiDenmark, kwanendlela okusingathwa ngayo imikhondo yale mbali namhlanje.

Ubukhosi bakwaMassaquoi yintsapho ebalulekileyo ehloniphekileyo evela eNtshona Afrika. Le ntsapho yeyakwaVai, ibutho labantu elihlala kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiSierra Leone neLiberia. Idlale indima ebalulekileyo kwezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho kwimbali yangaphambi kobukoloniyali kunye nekoloniyali eNtshona Afrika.

Ngenxa yobudlelwane bezopolitiko kunye nozakuzo kwiRiphabhlikhi ye-Weimar kunye neLiberia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, isebe losapho lakwaMassaquoi leza kwisixeko sase-Hamburg. Abantu basembindini yayingunozakuzaku uMomolu Massaquoi (1869-1938), intombi yakhe uFatima Massaquoi (1904-1978) nomzukulwana wakhe uHans-Jürgen Massaquoi (1926-2013).

Ubomi babo bubonisa utshintsho olukhulu olwathi iJamani yafumana kwinkulungwane yama-20 - ukusuka kwisiphithiphithi seRiphabhliki ye-Weimar ukuya kumasikizi e-National Socialism ukuya kuqhagamshelo lwe-Atlantiki yeFederal Republic emva kwemfazwe. Ngamnye kubo ube negalelo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwimbali ye-diaspora yase-Afrika kwaye wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo lembali kwidiplomacy, imfundo kunye noncwadi. Imisebenzi yakhe inika ulwazi olubalulekileyo kwimbali yabantu abamnyama baseLiberia, eJamani nase-USA. Namhlanje, amalungu osapho abonwa njengemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yokuxhotyiswa kwabantu abaNtsundu.

Iinzame zobukoloniyali zoBukhosi baseJamani ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 zakhuthaza ukuchazwa kwezemfundo, ukucwangciswa kunye nokwenza iimephu zeendawo, iilwimi kunye namaqela abantu.

Kulo mxholo, izifundo ze-Afrika, izifundo zesi-Arabhu ("Iziko laseMpuma"), i-ethnology kunye nejografi bakwazi ukuzimisa njengamaziko azimeleyo kwiYunivesithi yaseLeipzig kwiminyaka nje embalwa. Umsebenzi wenzululwazi odla ngokucalucalulwa waba negalelo ekwakhiweni kocalucalulo “lomntu wasemzini”. Njengoko iimbono ezibaxiweyo “ngamazwe aseMpuma,” “iAfrika,” nocalucalulo lwamaqela abantu zazisiya zikhula, ukudodobala kwenkcubeko engeyoyaseYurophu kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo ekuhlaleni. Ulwazi olufunyenweyo kwizifundo ekucingelwa ukuba zezenzululwazi lunokusetyenziswa ekusasazeni ingcamango “yokongama kwabamhlophe ” kuze ngaloo ndlela kuthetheleleke ukwabiwa kwamathanga.

Nangona ukuveliswa kolwazi lobukoloniyali kuye kwabuzwa ngokunzulu kwaye kusetyenzwa ngamacandelo ngokwawo iminyaka eliqela, ilifa lesi siko lolwazi lisaqhuba ukuba nempembelelo namhlanje - eLeipzig.

Amagqabi amade e-isigude okanye i-Strelitzia reginae afana nalawo ebhanana, kwaye intyatyambo yabo yinto eye yabangela umdla emhlabeni jikelele kwiinkulungwane zeminyaka: imilo yabo ikhumbuza intloko yentaka eneentsiba ezikhanyayo ezi-orenji-blue. Ngoko ke ikwabizwa ngokuba yintaka yentyatyambo yeparadesi, intyatyambo yesikhwenene okanye intyatyambo yecrane. Intyatyambo ingumzobo.

Ivela eMzantsi Afrika kwaye ukusasazwa kwayo kwihlabathi jikelele kunxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo namandla eekoloniyali kunye namandla ehlabathi: ukuthiywa kwayo ziingcali zezityalo zaseYurophu emva koKumkanikazi waseBritane uCharlotte weNdlu yaseMecklenburg-Strelitz, ukulinywa kwayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kommeli kungqina iinkqubo ezinzima ezidityanisiweyo. Ukwandiswa kobukhosi, uphando, idiplomacy, ukhenketho kunye nemveliso yeentyatyambo ezisikiweyo, ukuthanda izwe kunye nobuzwe.

I-Strelitzia yezopolitiko kwaye olu khenketho lulandelela ukuba zeziphi iindawo kunye nabantu abadlala indima kunye nokuba yiyiphi ixabiso elifuziselayo eliye labangelwa kuyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngexesha.

Isixeko saseHamburg savula umzi wozakuzo eCanton ngowe-1829, saza esinye eShanghai ngowe-1852, kunye neBremen noLübeck. Ngeemfazwe ezimbini ze-Opium (1839-1842 kunye ne-1856-1860) phakathi kwe-China kwelinye icala kunye ne-Great Britain, iFransi kunye namanye amazwe aseYurophu kwelinye, amagunya obukoloniyali afumana ukufikelela kumazibuko amaninzi aseTshayina. Bakwanyanzelise ukungenisa simahla iyeza le-opium, ukuthengiswa kwendawo kunye nezinye izithintelo ezininzi kulawulo lwaseTshayina. Ngokubanzi, impembelelo yaseNtshona eTshayina yanda. Oku kwakuquka nomsebenzi wobuvangeli basemazweni abangamaKristu. Ngo-1898, uBukhosi baseJamani banyanzela urhulumente waseQing ukuba asayine isivumelwano sokuqeshisa seQingdao (“Tsingtau”) kwiPhondo laseShandong.

I-Tsingtau yakhula ukusuka kwilali yokuloba yaya kutsho kwisixeko sanamhlanje. Noko ke, ucalucalulo nengcinezelo zazizizinto zemihla ngemihla. Ukuchasana nobukhosi kwaqala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane. I -Yìhétuán Yùndòng (“iMovement of Associations for Justice and Harmony” (義和團運動)) yathatha inyathelo ngokuchasene nempembelelo yobukoloniyali yabavangeli basemazweni abangamaKristu kunye nabameli bamazwe aseNtshona kwiPhondo laseShandong. Amagunya obukoloniyali awabiza lo mbutho ngokuthi “yiBoxer Rebellion,” awathi umkhosi wamajoni owawunamajoni asuka kumazwe asibhozo phantsi kolawulo oluphezulu lwaseJamani uAlfred von Waldersee wayicinezela ngenkohlakalo ngowe-1900.

Ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, uBukhosi baseJamani baphulukana nekoloni “yabo” eTshayina. "Njengesango lokuya kwihlabathi", uHamburg wayebandakanyeka kweli bali. Ezi zikhululo zilandelayo ziqaqambisa ezinye iindawo eziqhagamshelwe kubukoloniyali baseJamani eTshayina.

Kwakhiwa izikhumbuzo zamathanga kwizixeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zaseJamani. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ukuyilwa kunye nokwakhiwa kwesikhumbuzo semfazwe yobukoloniyali kwaxoxwa eBerlin. Injongo yayikukudala isazisi-esenza uphawu lwentshukumo yobukoloniyali baseJamani eyayiza kuvakalisa ngaxeshanye iminqweno yobukhosi baseJamani.

Ngenxa yokungavumelani malunga noyilo lwesikhumbuzo kunye nokuqhambuka kwemfazwe ngo-1914, iprojekthi yesikhumbuzo ayizange ifezeke eBerlin - kodwa kwiminyaka eyi-20 kamva, yaphunyezwa kwifom elungisiweyo eBremen.

Lo mbhalo uyisicatshulwa esihleliweyo kwincwadi ethi "Berlin. A Postcolonial Metropolis."

Namhlanje iFlensburg ikholisa ukuthengiswa “njengedolophu yeswekile kunye nerum”. Iswekile kunye nemveliso yemveliso yeswekile, irum ekrwada, yafunyanwa ngokulinywa kommoba eYurophu de kulinywe iswekile beet - ngakumbi kwiCaribbean. Ekubeni iFlensburg yayisesona sixeko sikwizibuko lesithathu ngobukhulu kwilizwe laseDanish de kwangowe-1864, esi sixeko sazuza kwiimeko zorhwebo eziluncedo kunye namathanga aseDanish kwiCaribbean, ngoku eyaziwa njengeSt. Thomas, iSt. Croix neSt. Imveliso yeswekile yayinxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo norhwebo lobukhoboka oluwela iAtlantiki kunye noqoqosho lwamasimi. Emva kokuphela kobulungu bukaFlensburg kurhulumente waseDenmark ngo-1864, esi sixeko saba yinxalenye yobukoloniyali basePrussia/eJamani. Imithetho yerhafu etshintshileyo yenza ukuba urhwebo kunye namathanga aseDanish kwiCaribbean kube nzima ngakumbi. Irum ekrwada yemveliso yerum yaseFlensburg yathi ke yathengwa kumazwe angaphandle ikakhulu kwikoloni yaseBritane yaseJamaica.

Eli nqaku lijolise kuthungelwano lweFlensburg ngexesha layo njengenxalenye yelizwe laseDanish ngokubanzi. Kusetyenziswa iswekile yemveliso yobukoloniyali, ubudlelwane bobukoloniyali phakathi kweOsu-Castle eGhana, uqoqosho lwamasimi eSt. Croix kwiCaribbean kunye nesixeko saseFlensburg kubonisiwe. Kuzo zontathu iindawo, imbali yoxhatshazo ishiye uphawu lwayo kwizakhiwo zedolophu kunye nembonakalo yomhlaba.

Indlela abarhwebi baseFlensburg ababeyinxalenye ngayo kolu qhagamshelo kwaye baxhamla kurhwebo iboniswa lusapho lwakwaChristiansen. Ibali lihlala libaliswa kwicala elinye kunye nomfanekiso wothando "wabarhwebi abanobuchule kunye noomatiloshe". Oku kukubetha ngoyaba isibakala sokuba umsebenzi ongahlawulwayo wabantu abangamakhoboka kwiCaribbean wawusisiseko sokuphumelela kwabarhwebi baseFlensburg.

Yaqhutyelwa phi iNkomfa yase-Afrika yaseBerlin? I-Deutsche Bank yabonisa njani ukubandakanyeka kwayo okubalulekileyo kubukholoniyali? Yayiphi eyona ngqokelela inkulu yehlabathi yezinyanya ezibiweyo? Abafuduki abangamathanga ababesuka eCameroon naseMpuma Afrika bajonga njani emva kwiminyaka engama-35 yolawulo lwamathanga lwamaJamani ngowe-1919?

Uhambo Lwethu Lwezifundo Ezingalindelekanga lukhokelela kwisithili saseBerlin esidala kunye nesitsha sikarhulumente, apho ubukoloniyali baseYurophu naseJamani bafumana iimpembelelo eziqinisekileyo. Amatsha ntliziyo aseBerlin kunye neengcali ezivela eNamibia, eTanzania, eU.SA, naseJamani baxoxa ngentando yabalawuli bamakoloniyali baseJamani ukutshabalalisa, izithethe zocalucalulo zaseBerlin, ubuqhetseba obunganyanisekanga bokuqokelela, kunye nokuchasa ubukoloniyali kwiindawo ezibalaseleyo kodwa ezingaqondwa kakuhle.

Injineli yokwakha, igqala lemfazwe, imvumi, umdanisi, umboniso bhanyabhanya kunye nomdlali wethiyetha, umlweli ochasene nobukoloniyali kunye nocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, iPan-Africanist, kunye namaKomanisi - umCameroon uJoseph Ekwe Bilé wayezizo zonke ezi zinto kunye nokunye. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo u-Bilé wayengomnye wawona matsha ntliziyo abalulekileyo ezopolitiko aseJamani aseJamani ngexesha le-Weimar. Ukubandakanyeka kwakhe kuthungelwano lwezizwe ngezizwe oludityanisiweyo lweCommunist International kunye nePan-Africanism lunika ilizwi kuluntu oluNtsundu lwaseJamani. Wasebenzisana namatsha ntliziyo aMnyama abalaseleyo nanempembelelo anjengoGeorge Padmore, uTiemoko Garan Kouyate, uJames Ford noJomo Kenyatta, begxeka esidlangalaleni ubundlobongela bamazwe aseYurophu kwaye befuna amalungelo alinganayo kubantu abaMnyama kwihlabathi jikelele. Kwangelo xesha, umdlali onobuchule, wabelana ngeqonga lemidlalo yeqonga kunye neenkwenkwezi eziMnyama zehlabathi uJosephine Baker eVienna kunye noPaul Robeson eBerlin.

I-Cameroonia Quane a Dibobe, eyaziwa ngokuba nguMartin Dibobe, wayengomnye wamatsha ntliziyo aphambili ezopolitiko ase-Afrika eJamani kwithuba langaphambi ko-1945. Wafika eJamani ngo-1896 njengomthathi-nxaxheba kuMboniso wokuQala wamaKoloniyali waseJamani – ngokufanelekileyo umyezo wezilwanyana wabantu, wahlala eBerlin, kwaye wonwabela umsebenzi omde wokusebenzela inkqubo yezothutho yesixeko.

Nangona kuninzi malunga nobomi bakhe kungakacaci, ubutshantliziyo bukaDibobe bungqinwa ngcono ngo-1919 ngo-1919 amanqaku angama-32 awawusungulayo wawadlulisela kubaphathi baseJamani. Ngelixa uDibobe kunye nabakhalazi kunye naye bathembisa ukunyaniseka kwiRiphabhlikhi entsha bacela ukulungiswa ngokupheleleyo kobudlelwane bobukoloniyali phakathi kweJamani neCameroon kwaye bafuna ukulingana kwamaAfrika kwiAfrika zombini kunye. Jemani.

UNgonnso umele ubuni, inkcubeko kunye nembali yabantu baseNso eCameroon kunye neDisapora. UNgonnso ngumseki wobukhosi bamaNso; Emva kokufa kwakhe, kwakrolwa umfanekiso owenziwe ngomthi kwinkumbulo yakhe. Xa imikhosi yamakoloniyali yaseJamani yahlasela uBukhosi baseNso, yeba iNgonnso kunye nezinye izinto zobukhosi kwibhotwe eKumbo yaza yazisa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kwiMyuziyam ye-Ethnological eBerlin.

Oko abaNso benolwazi ngendawo ahlala kuyo, bebezama ukubuyisela uNgonnso kwelakowabo. Emva kwamashumi eminyaka yomsebenzi wezozakuzo kunye nobutshantliziyo, uNgonnso ekugqibeleni uza kubuyiswa. Nangona kunjalo, ukubuya eCameroon ekudala kulindiwe kusalindwe kuba uthethwano phakathi kweJamani neCameroon kwinqanaba likarhulumente lusaqhuba.

Imbali kaNgonnso ingqina ubusela nokugxothwa kwempahla yenkcubeko ngexesha lobukoloniyali baseJamani. Ikwavakalisa ukuba uluntu oluchatshazelwa kukuphanga ubukoloniyali lulwela ukubuyiswa kweempahla zabo zomoya nezenkcubeko - kwanokuba zingande kangakanani na iinkqubo zokubuyisela.

UMatjamwo Mavanzilla, obhaptizwe nguPaul Mavanzilla, ngomnye wabantu abathinjwa eAfrika besengabantwana ngenkulungwane ye-19. Ukuhlala kwakhe iminyaka elishumi eJamani kwaba nefuthe elihlala lihleli kuye. Wazalwa ngowe-1875, okanye ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, ngowe-1873, kwindawo ehlala uKumkani uPuto Muëne Kassongo kufuphi nendawo edibana kuyo iGanga neKwango Rivers. Ngowe-1881, inkokeli yohambo lobukoloniyali baseJamani, uAlexander von Mechow, wayithimba le nkwenkwana, eyayineminyaka emithandathu okanye esibhozo ubudala, yayisa eJamani.

Emva kweminyaka emihlanu eseBerlin naseLeipzig, uMavanzilla waya kwisikolo saseGütersloh naseLichtenstern (Württemberg). Waqala ke ukuqeqeshwa njengomfundisi kwizikolo zobufundisi e-Basel nase-Barmen (ngoku eyiWuppertal-Barmen) phambi kokuba athunyelwe eKapa nguMbutho wabaMishini baseRhenish (RMG). Apho, wasebenza njengomfundisi-ntsapho kwisikolo seRMG de kwangowe-1912. Emva kokuba ehlelwe lishwa eliqatha, waphazamiseka engqondweni waza wafa ngowe-1912 eneminyaka engaphantsi kwama-40 ubudala.

Ubomi bukaMavanzilla bunokulandelelwa kwiingxelo zika-Alexander von Mechow "Kwango Expedition" ukuya kumaxwebhu kunye neeleta kwilifa likayise waseJamani owamkhulisayo kwindawo yokugcina amaProtestanti kwizithethe zentsapho yakhe eMzantsi Afrika.

Isilumkiso somxholo: U-Paul Mavanzilla ufumene ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kunye nesityholo sobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo izihlandlo ezininzi ebomini bakhe. Ibhayografi yakhe ayinakubalwa ngaphandle kokubonisa la mava. Sicela abafundi ukuba bazigqibele ngokwabo ukuba bayafuna na ukufunda esi sicatshulwa silandelayo.

IKamina imalunga neekhilomitha ezisi-7 ukusuka kumbindi wesixeko sase-Atakpamé. Kwi-1911, ngexesha le-colonialism yaseJamani e-Togo, i-Kamina yayiyi-radio yezempi yaseJamani eyavumela iBerlin ukuba ihlale inxibelelana nonomathotholo kunye neenqanawa zaseJamani eMzantsi Atlantic. Isikhululo setelegraph sasisakhiwa xa kwaqhambuka iMfazwe Yehlabathi. AmaJamani akwithanga laseTogo, ahlaselwa ngamaFrentshi ukusuka empuma kunye neBritani ukusuka entshona, emva koko avuthela ezo zakhiwo ngobusuku bangoAgasti 24-25, 1914, ngaphambi kokuba anikezele ngoAgasti 27, 1914.

Yakhiwe ngabahlali, abasebenzi abanyanzeliswayo abavela kwisithili saseNorthern Sokode, kunye nabantu abakhotyokiswe kwintolongo yaseWahala, isikhululo socingo sibubungqina obukhethekileyo bobuchule kunye nokusebenza nzima kwabakhi baso, aseYurophu naseTogolese.

Masibuye umva ngexesha! Ukwakhiwa kwe-telegraph yerediyo yaseKamina e-Afrika yayiyiprojekthi yamabhongo ekhokelwa ngabasemagunyeni baseJamani ngexesha lobukoloniyali. Esi siseko sadlala indima yobuchule kwiinkqubo zonxibelelwano zelo xesha, ngokuxhaphazwa nokubandakanyeka kwabemi bengingqi. Isikhululo sikanomathotholo sivumela ukuba silandele imbali eyakha ubomi bobukoloniyali baseKamina kunye neendawo ezizungezile.

Amabali amabhinqa awachasa ubuzwilakhe nobukoloniyali ngexesha lolawulo lobukoloniyali baseJamani eCameroon ukusuka ngo-1884 ukuya kowe-1916 awabhalwanga lula kwaye ngenxa yoko awaziwa. Oku kungabonakali kudla ngokukhokelela kumbono wokuba ukuchasana nobukoloniyali kwakukho kwaye yindoda kuphela.

Enyanisweni, izithethe zomlomo zidla ngokuba neembekiselo kubafazi: babanceda amadoda abo ukuba abaleke umsebenzi onyanzelwayo ngokucula iingoma okanye ngokunikela iintetho zokubalumkisa. Abasetyhini badlale indima ephambili kuxhathiso, njengoko imeko ka-Adda Nkollo ibonisa. U-Adda Nkollo wayengumfazi waseMvog-Ada owachasa ulawulo lobukoloniyali baseJamani ngempumelelo ngo-1907 kangangokuba ekugqibeleni wagxothwa.

Ibali labo linokunceda ukucela umngeni ukungabonakali okuxhaphakileyo kwabasetyhini abachasayo phantsi kwekoloniyalizim kunye nokuqhubeka nokubhala imbali yokuchasana.

UAndrea Jimenez Berroa wazalelwa eHamburg ngo-1902. Abazali bakhe yayinguMargaretha Filter waseHamburg kunye nomdlali wepiyano we-Afro-Cuban uJosé Manuel “Lico” Jiménez Berroa waseCuba. Ngeminyaka eyi-17, watshata no-Alexandre Ndumbe Manga Bell, unyana kaDuala King Rudolf Manga Bell, owabulawa ngumbuso wamakoloniyali waseJamani eCameroon kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambili. UAndrea Manga Bell kamva wasebenza njengomzobi kunye nomhleli kwimagazini yobugcisa i-Nutzgraphik eBerlin, apho wadibana khona nombhali uJoseph Roth. Waya elubhacweni kunye naye eNice naseParis ngo-1933. Wahlala waza wasebenza eFransi de kwasekufeni kwakhe ngowe-1985.

Ibali lakhe alaziwa kakhulu eJamani. Xa umbutho wowe-1968 kwiFederal Republic of Germany wawusingatha uncwadi oluthinjwa ebudeni bobuSoshiyali beSizwe, umdla kulo wasala uphelele kulwalamano lwawo noJoseph Roth. Wayekhankanywe kuphela njengomfazi wezopolitiko waseCameroon kunye neqabane lombhali owaziwayo. Kuncinci kakhulu okwaziwayo malunga nempumelelo yakhe njengomyili wegraphic kunye nomhleli, impembelelo yakhe kumsebenzi kaJoseph Roth kunye nomsebenzi wakhe eParis emva kwe-1945. Ngelishwa, kukho kuphela iingxelo ezimbalwa ezivela kuye ezifumaneka esidlangalaleni.

Ingqokelela yeMyuziyam yaseRothenbaum. IiNkcubeko zeHlabathi kunye noBugcisa (MARKK) eHamburg iquka umzobo ophawulekayo: Ibonisa abafana ababini abancinci u-Abbega noDorugu. Benziwa amakhoboka besebancinane kummandla waseNtshona Afrika. Ekugqibeleni beza kwinkonzo kunye nokuxhomekeka kwijografi uHeinrich Barth, kwaye ukususela ngoko, bamkhapha kwiihambo zakhe. Bahamba naye ukutyhubela iAfrika naseYurophu, ukuya kutsho eJamani, eBerlin, eGotha naseHamburg.

Ayingomzobo we-Abbega noDorugu kuphela osindileyo. Ngomnyaka we-1885, umthunywa wevangeli waseJamani uJames Frederick Schön wapapasha ingxelo ye-episodic yobomi bukaDorugu kwigrama yesiHausa enesihloko esithi "Ubomi kunye nokuhamba kweDorugu." U-Dorugu wayechaze i-akhawunti yobomi bakhe kwaye uhamba waya eSchön ngamacandelo. U-Abbega naye wabonakala edlula okanye wacatshulwa. Le yingxelo yobuqu enqabileyo eyenziwe ngumHausa wenkulungwane ye-19. UDorugu wajolisa ingqalelo yakhe kungekuphela nje kuMntla, uMbindi, naseNtshona Afrika yangaphambi kobukoloniyali, kodwa nakuMntla, uMbindi, naseNtshona Yurophu.

Olu khenketho lujolise kubomi kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwe-Abbega kunye ne-Dorugu. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba amagama athi Dorugu kunye noAbbega angqamana kuphela nendlela yokubizwa kwaseAfrika.

Olu khenketho luphonononga ukudibana kwezizwe ngezizwe phakathi kocalucalulo loMzantsi Afrika kunye neJamani. Nanjengoko kulo nyaka, uMzantsi Afrika uqaphela iminyaka engama-30 yokuphela kocalucalulo, kusondele ixesha lokuba izifundiswa, amatshantliziyo achasene nobukoloniyali, kunye noluntu ngokubanzi lwaseJamani bacinge ngendima edlalwe ngurhulumente waseJamani ekuxhaseni amalungelo oluntu. ukuxhatshazwa kocalucalulo.

Olu khenketho luqala ngokuphonononga ubudlelwane baseJamani namaBhulu phambi kokuba kuqaliswe ngokusesikweni ucalucalulo. Emva koko iqhubela phambili ijongana nendlela umanyano lwezopolitiko lwehlabathi lweMfazwe yoLwandi oluyimise ngayo indlela iNtshona neMpuma Jamani yasebenzisana ngayo norhulumente wocalucalulo. Emva koko iya kujonga indlela oonozakuzaku kunye namaqumrhu aseNtshona eJamani axhasa ngayo ucalucalulo kunye nendlela iJamani yaseMpuma eyanceda ngayo ekuqeqesheni umbutho wokuchasa eMzantsi Afrika. Okokugqibela, izakuphonononga intshukumo echasene nocalucalulo eNtshona Jamani.

Ipropaganda yobukoloniyali yaseJamani yabhala iTogoland njenge "modeli yekoloni". Nangona kunjalo, phakathi kwe-1888 kunye ne-1902, iingxelo zibonisa ukuba amagosa e-colonial kunye nabalawuli bakhokelela kwiihambo ezingaphantsi kwamashumi amathandathu zomkhosi ngokuchasene noluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, ukunyanzeliswa kobundlobongela, kunye nokuphanga okwenziwa kwindawo esemantla yekholoni kunokufumaneka kwiimyuziyam ezininzi zaseJamani. Amawaka amaxhoba emfazwe alele koovimba.

Eli bali lixhalabele owayesakuba yintloko yesikhululo sobukoloniyali eSansanné-Mango, uFriedrich Rigler, kunye nohambo lwakhe olwalwa nobukumkani baseDagbon ngo-1900. Le ndoda, isabhalwe “njengomqokeleli” koovimba beenkcukacha bemyuziyam, iidolophu ezitshisiweyo kunye neelali, yenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, kwaye iJamani yahlutha abantu abaninzi bemyuziyam kunokuba bahluthe abantu abaninzi basekuhlaleni. ukuhlalisa.

I-Trigger-Warning: eli galelo licaphula koovimba abanolwimi lobuhlanga lobukoloniyali oluchaza, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukubiwa kweentsalela zeminyanya nokunyeliswa kwamangcwaba. Ikwabonisa izinto zakudala ezinophawu olungcwele olunokwenzeka.

Kwidolophu encinane yaseSauerland yaseFrönsberg kufuphi neHemer eWestphalia, kukho i "Von Romberg Street." Uphawu phantsi kwegama lesitrato luchaza ukuba oku kuhlonipha "usomashishini ophumeleleyo." Into engachazwanga, nangona kunjalo, kukuba igama lesitrato, u-Baron Friedrich von Romberg (1729-1819), ngokuqinisekileyo wayengoyena mrhwebi wamakhoboka waseJamani kunye nomnini wezityalo wenkulungwane ye-18.

Xa uphawu lwafakwa malunga ne-1982, imisebenzi ye-Romberg kwi-colonial kunye norhwebo lwamakhoboka yaziwa kuphela kwiingcali ezimbalwa. Namhlanje, i-biography kaRomberg, owavuka waba ngusomashishini wehlabathi kwaye, ngaxa lithile, mhlawumbi wayeyeyona ndoda isisityebi eYurophu-yaye yaphulukana nobutyebi bayo emva kokuzimela kweHaiti-iyaziwa nakwingingqi yakowabo.

Inqaku elilandelayo lilanda umsebenzi wosomashishini ovela eSauerland, egxile kwindima yakhe kurhwebo ngamakhoboka ngenkulungwane ye-18.

Kwiminyaka emithathu ebalulekileyo ngeminyaka yee-1930s iHamburg yayilikomkhulu leKomiti yeManyano yezoRhwebo yaMazwe ngaMazwe yabaSebenzi baseNegro (ITUCNW) kunye nonobhala wayo uGeorge Padmore, owayeza kuba ngomnye wamatsha ntliziyo adumileyo achasene nobukoloniyali ngelo xesha kwaye kamva eyona idumileyo yamaPan-Africanists. IHamburg yayingelokomkhulu le-ITUCNW kuphela kodwa yayikwayindawo yeNkomfa yokuqala yeZizwe ngezizwe yabasebenzi baseNegro , umsitho ophantse walityalwa kodwa obaluleke kakhulu kwiPan-African, owawubanjelwe esixekweni ngo-1930, waququzelelwa phantsi kwenkxaso yeRed. I-International of Labour Unions (RILU), umbutho wemanyano yabasebenzi yeCommunist International edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiProfintern .

Le Hamburg yayingelokhaya lika-Ernst Thälmann kuphela, inkokeli yeQela lamaKomanisi laseJamani, kodwa yayikwangumbutho owawufuna ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwabasebenzi kwiAfrika iphela kunye nabemi bayo bangaphandle ukuze bakhululeke kwaye kupheliswe ulawulo lobukoloniyali, ubuhlanga kunye nama impiriyali. inkqubo yamazwe.

UPadmore wazalelwa eTrinidad kodwa imisebenzi yakhe yezopolitiko eyaqala eUnited States, yamthatha yamsa eMoscow, eParis, eLondon naseManchester, wachitha isiphelo sobomi bakhe eAccra, eGhana.

Uhambo lwase-Eulenburg oluya eMpuma Asia (1859–1862), eyathiywa ngenkokeli yalo uFriedrich Albrecht zu Eulenburg (1815–1881), owayexhaswa yiPrussia kwaye emele iManyano yeCustoms yaseJamani , ithathwa njengovulindlela kubudlelwane bale mihla baseJamani-eMpuma Asia.

Injongo yolu hambo yayikukuseka ubudlelwane bezozakuzo kunye nezorhwebo phakathi kwamazwe aseJamani kunye neMpuma yeAsia, nto leyo ephawula ukungena kweJamani kwinqanaba lezopolitiko nelobukoloniyali eAsia. Olu hambo lwatyelela eJapan, eTshayina, naseSiam. Izivumelwano ezingalinganiyo zagqitywa kunye nala mazwe - uphawu lwe-diplomacy yaseNtshona eMpuma ye-Asia ngexesha lokuphakama kwe-impiriyali kunye nekoloniyalizim.

Ukubaluleka kolu hambo akufunekanga kujongelwe phantsi. Isiphumo sobudlelwane bezozakuzo phakathi kweJamani kunye neMpuma ye-Asia yaba neziphumo ezinzulu kwimbali yommandla neyehlabathi, enxulumene ne-impiriyalizim yaseJamani kunye neenkqubo zenguqu eJapan naseTshayina.

Ibali lobomi bommi waseCameroon uHeinrich Sam Dibonge libonisa ifuthe eliqhubekayo lobukoloniyali kunye neziphumo zabo kubomi bamadoda nabafazi abaMnyama abafudukela phakathi kweAfrika yobukoloniyali kunye neJamani. Uzalelwe kusapho oluphezulu eDouala, eCameroon ngexesha lobukoloniyali baseJamani. UDibonge, njengoninzi lwesizukulwana sakhe wafundiswa ngamakholoniyali phambi kokuba angene kwinkonzo yomrhwebi waseJamani. Oku kwamzisa eJamani izihlandlo ezininzi, kubandakanywa kwiinyanga kwangoko ngaphambi kokuqhambuka kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe uDibonge wayevaleleke eHamburg – akazange abuyele eDouala kwaye akazange aphinde abone inkosikazi yakhe yaseCameroon kunye nosapho oluncinci.

Isifundo sobukoloniyali baseJamani, engengommi phambi ko-1914, emva kwemfazwe yaseJamani, eyayingasenabo ubukhosi baphesheya kweelwandle, uDibonge ngoku wayengenalizwe. Kwiimeko ezinzima ngakumbi walwela ukudala ubomi eJamani. Emva kwemfazwe wafumana impumelelo njengomsebenzi onobuchule kunye noTheodor Zeise, watshata kwakhona, kwaye wadityaniswa noluntu olubanzi lwabaNtsundu eJamani. Kwangaxeshanye, wathothoza entolongweni waza wakhutshelwa ngaphandle kubumi baseJamani. Emva kokuhluthwa kolawulo lwamaNazi imeko kaDibonge kunye nenkosikazi yakhe yaseJamani iye yaba mandundu ngokukhawuleza kwaye esi sibini saphathwa kakubi.

Amabali obomi bukaJacob N'dumbe waseCameroon kunye nentombi yakhe eyazalelwa eBerlin uMartha abonisa imiceli mngeni emikhulu amadoda nabafazi abaMnyama abajongene nayo ukuba babefuna ukwakha ubomi eJamani ngaphambi ko-1945. UYakobi ekuqaleni weza eJamani njengenxalenye yeqela laseCameroon elalizimase uMboniso weKoloni yaseBerlin ngowe-1896. Ngelixa abaninzi bexesha lakhe babuyela ekhaya emva kokuba umboniso uphelile, wakhetha ukuhlala eBerlin waza wahlala apho. Waqeqeshwa njengomkhandi wesinyithi, watshata waza waba nentsapho. Intombi yakhe uMarta wazalwa ngo-1902.

Ukungazinzi kwezoqoqosho kunye nokwanda kokungabandakanywa kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kwabumba ubomi baba babini: UYakobi walelwa ukuba ngummi waseJamani ngexesha loBukhosi baseJamani, waba nobunzima bokufumana umsebenzi osisigxina kwaye umtshato wakhe waphela. Konke oku kwayichaphazela impilo yakhe yengqondo. Kwakhona uMarta wakufumanisa kunzima ukuziphilisa waza waguqukela kulwaphulo-mthetho olungenamsebenzi noonongogo. Egqalwa “njengentlalontle” ngamaNazi, ekugqibeleni wavalelwa kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseRavensbrück, apho wafela khona ngoFebruwari 1945.

E-Bremen, ukuqhubeka kwekoloniyali kunokuchongwa kungekuphela nje kumagama ezitalato kunye neemyuziyam, kodwa nakwiivenkile kunye nokwakhiwa kweefacade. Ukhenketho olusuka kwisithili saseSchwachhausen ukuya kwindawo esembindini ye-Bahnhofsvorstadt (indawo esembindini yesikhululo sikaloliwe) iphonononga ubukoloniyali bezi ndawo zenkumbulo kwaye itsala unxibelelwano lwangoku nokungalingani okukhoyo.

Undwendwela izitalato ezithiywe ngamagama abadlali bamakholoniyali ababenempembelelo enkulu kwezoqoqosho okanye ngokwembono kwimbali yobukoloniyali. Imbali yobukholoniyali yeqela leenkampani ezaziwayo kuzwelonke nayo iyasonjululwa. Okokugqibela, unxibelelwano olusondeleyo phakathi kobugcisa, urhwebo, kunye nekoloniyalizim lugxininisiwe, olufumene ingqwalasela encinci kakhulu kwintetho yembali yedolophu ukuba ithathelwe ingqalelo njengengxoxo ye-postcolonial.

Ixesha lobukoloniyali baseJamani eCameroon alikho nje imbali yokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo kunye nenkcubeko, kodwa kunye nembali yokuqhubeka komkhosi kunye nobundlobongela. Phakathi kwe-1884 kunye ne-1914, iimfazwe ezingaphezu kwe-180 zobundlobongela zenziwa "kwi-Cameroon yaseJamani." Umkhosi wawufanele "uvule" indawo enqwenelekayo ngemfazwe, ngaloo ndlela ivumela oko kubizwa ngokuba "uphuhliso." Nangona izenzo zabo zobundlobongela, umkhosi waboniswa kwiincwadi zobukoloniyali ngendlela yothando kunye nepropaganda "njengoovulindlela" kwaye abanye "njengeetalente zamakholoni."

Esi sixhobo somkhosi, esasihlwayela ukuthotywa, ukufa, nentshabalalo, maxa wambi sasijamelana nokoyiswa nokufa ngokwako. Ityala legosa lobukoloniyali uHermann Nolte liyakubonisa oku. Ikwabonisa ukuba abantu bangamakholoni bawagcina njani na loo maxesha okuchasa ngempumelelo kwinkumbulo yabo edibeneyo kwaye babenze babe yinxalenye yesazisi sabo.

Emva kokugqiba uqeqesho lwakhe njengo-lieutenant eJamani ngo-1889, uHermann Nolte wabhaliswa kwi-"Schutztruppe" (umkhosi wokukhusela) wekoloni yaseCameroon. Emva kokuthatha inxaxheba kwiimfazwe ezininzi eziphalaz’ igazi zokuzithoba, wathunyelwa eBanyo ngowe-1902 ukuze amisele indawo yomkhosi. Apho, wabulawa nguSultan Oumarou onemvukelo.

Ingcwaba likaHermann Nolte eligcinwe kakuhle lisahleli eBanyo kude kube namhlanje – ngokunjalo nengcwaba lika-Oumarou. Omabini amangcwaba afakwe kwinkqubo ephilileyo yokukhumbula (kunye nokhuphiswano) kwimbali yobukoloniyali baseJamani eCameroon.

Ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-16, malunga neshumi elinesibini lezigidi zabantu base-Afrika bathengiswa, ikakhulu kwiCaribbean, eBrazil, nakumazantsi eUnited States, ukuze basebenze ngokunyanzelwa emasimini apho. Abantu abakhotyokisiweyo nabo baziswa eYurophu, njengoko abantu bomnombo waseAfrika, kubandakanywa abantwana kunye nolutsha, babejongwa njengemiqondiso yesimo ziintsapho eziziingwarha kunye nabemi abazizityebi. Ubuncinane bangama-380 abantu abaNtsundu ababehlala kumazwe athetha isiJamani phakathi kowe-1600 nowe-1800.

Kunqabile ukuba ibali lomntu okhotyokiswe kakuhle libhalwe njengelo likaYonga, owasuka eNtshona Afrika waza wathengwa ngumJamani eLondon ngowe-1765 eneminyaka emalunga ne-14. Xa wafikayo njengesicaka sobuqu kwinkundla yeNkosana uZur Lippe eDetmold ngowe-1789 waza wakwazi ukuhlala apho njengomntu okhululekileyo, wazama ukumangalela ngokusemthethweni kwidilesi yakhe yangaphambili. "nkosi." U-Yonga waqala wafuna ukubuyiselwa umvuzo wakhe, kodwa ityala likwajongana nombuzo ongundoqo wenkululeko yoluntu.

Umthengisi webhanki uAdolph von Hansemann (1826–1903) wayengomnye wabadlali abomeleleyo ngokwezimali kwishishini lobukoloniyali. Wayengumnini kunye nomlawuli olawulayo weDisconto-Gesellschaft , eyadityaniswa neDeutsche Bank ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1920. Ngexesha likavon Hansemann, iDisconto-Gesellschaft yayiyeyona bhanki inkulu yabucala kuBukhosi baseJamani. UVon Hansemann utyale imali ngasese kunye nemali-mboleko yebhanki kumalinge amaninzi obukoloniyali.

Ngokwenza oko, wavula indlela yekoloniyali yaseJamani kwaye waphembelela umgaqo-nkqubo wobukhosi bobukoloniyali. Wadlala indima ephambili ekusekweni kwekoloni "German New Guinea", inkxaso "iihambo zophando", waphonononga amathuba ezoqoqosho, ukufumana umhlaba ngemali kunye nokusekwa kwezorhwebo, iinkampani zemigodi kunye noololiwe, njengeNew Guinea Inkampani okanye iOtavi Mining kunye Inkampani kaloliwe (i-OMEG).

Unxibelelwano phakathi kwenkunzi, umgaqo-nkqubo wekoloniyali kunye nokuxhaphazwa kwezoqoqosho kubonakala kwi- Disconto Society kunye no-Adolph von Hansemann kunye nendima ayidlalileyo kwinkqubo yekholoni. Eli nqaku libonisa amanye amalinge athe u-von Hansemann kunye nenkampani yeDisconto bawaxhase ngemali kutyalo-mali lwabo. Ngokwenza njalo, bakhuthaza ukuxhaphazwa kwamakholoni kwimimandla emininzi kwaye bakhokelela abantu abahlala apho ukuba baxhomekeke kuqoqosho, intlupheko kunye nokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi.

Umkomanisi waseTshayina uLiao Huanxing wazalelwa eHengyang, kwiPhondo laseHunan ngo-1895 waza wajoyina iQela lamaKomanisi laseTshayina (CCP) elisanda kusekwa eneminyaka eyi-27. Ukususela ngo-1922 ukuya ku-1928 wayehlala eBerlin, apho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wayesebenza njengonobhala we-ofisi emele i -National People's Party yaseChina - i-Kuomintang (KMT). Ngombulelo kulwazi lwakhe oluhle lwesiJamani, ngokukhawuleza wanxibelelana namakomanisi aseJamani. U-Liao waba ngumntu ophambili kwiNkongolo yaseBrussels yeNkongolo yeNgqungquthela yokuNxinzelela phantsi koBukoloniyali kwaye emva koko wasebenza njengentloko ye- Arhente yeNdaba yaseTshayina .

Emva kokuba ingxabano nomvakalisi ongumkomanisi uWilli Münzenberg yanda, waya eMoscow nentsapho yakhe. Apho, uLiao wabanjwa kunye nomfazi wakhe, uDora Liao-Dombrowski owayesebenza eJamani, ebudeni bentshutshiso kaStalin nokubulawa kwabantu ababegqalwa “njengabangathembekanga” ngokwezobupolitika ngowe-1938 baza bagwetywa kwiinkampu zaseSiberia. U-Liao wasweleka ngo-1964 emva kokubuyela eTshayina.

“Njengomguquli oqeqeshiweyo” wanikela ubomi bakhe kumzabalazo ochasene nobukoloniyali kunye nowokuchasa ama impiriyali kwinkonzo yamaKomanisi aMazwe ngaMazwe (Comintern). Ibhayografi kaLiao yiparadigmatic ngokunyuka nokuwa kothungelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe oluchasene nobukoloniyali eBerlin ngeminyaka yoo-1920.

UMangi Meli wayeyinkosi yamaChagga kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiOld Moshi kwiMount Kilimanjaro eTanzania. Ngokungafaniyo noyise, uMangi Rindi Mandara, uMeli waxhathisa ulawulo lwamaJamani. Ekuqaleni, walwa ngempumelelo ngokuchasene ne-Schutztruppe (umkhosi wokukhusela), kodwa ekugqibeleni kwafuneka anikezele kwimikhosi yamakholoni. Ngaloo ndlela, (Omdala) iMoshi yaba liziko laseJamani lamandla kwiNtaba yaseKilimanjaro. Ngo-1900, uMangi Meli waxhonywa kunye nezinye iinkosi neenkokeli ngezityholo zokuqulunqa iyelenqe nxamnye namaJamani. Umothuko wokubulawa usasebenza eTanzania kude kube namhlanje kwiingoma zemveli kunye namabali.

Nangona kunjalo, inkohlakalo ayizange iphele ngokufa kukaMeli: Intloko yakhe yanqunyulwa kwaye yathunyelwa eJamani, ngokutsho komfazi kaMeli, owaxelela umzukulwana wakhe u-Isaria. Unanamhla oku, usazama ukuqinisekisa ukubuya kwentloko kaMangi Meli e-Old Moshi. Iirekhodi zibonisa ukuba amathambo amaninzi avela eMoshi athunyelwa kwiMyuziyam ye-Ethnological eyayiseBerlin ngeenjongo zophando lobuhlanga. Ewe, ngo-2023, kwinyathelo lenzala, amanye amathambo abo babulawa achongwa eBerlin naseNew York. Nangona kunjalo, intloko kaMeli ayikaziwa ukuba iphi na unanamhla.

Kwiminyaka eliqela ngoku, umboniso weFlinn Works kunye nesikhumbuzo esixhaswe ngenkxaso-mali e-Old Moshi sisikhumbuzo seNkosi uMeli. Ibali lakhe lingumzekelo wokuchasa ubukoloniyali kwi-German East Africa kunye nenkohlakalo yolawulo lwamaJamani. Ikwangqina ukungabikho kokusesikweni okuqhubekayo kokugxothwa kweentsalela zeminyanya egameni lesayensi.

UMpondo (okwabizwa ngokuba nguMpundu okanye uMpundo) U-Akwa wazalwa ngo-1879 kwaye ephuma kusapho olukumgangatho ophezulu lwaseDouala oluhlala kunxweme lwaseCameroon. Wachitha iminyaka emininzi yobomi bakhe kuBukhosi baseJamani. Uyise waqala wamthumela ePaderborn esikolweni. Kamva uye wakhula waba ngumlinganiswa ophambili kunye nomlomo wokugxeka kukaDouala inkqubo yobukoloniyali baseJamani. Ngelixa wayezama ukuzakhela ubomi eJamani, wenza unxibelelwano neentatheli zaseJamani kunye namagqwetha okanye wabhekisa izicelo kwiReichstag.

Olu hlobo loqhanqalazo oluchasene nolawulo lobukoloniyali baseJamani eCameroon aluzange luphembelele inkcaso nje kuphela kwi-lobby yobukoloniyali baseJamani, kodwa lwakhokelela kwiinzame zokujongela phantsi uMpondo Akwa njengomntu. Noko ke, wayeyazi indlela yokuzikhusela koku. Amatyala ka-Akwa kunye negqwetha lakhe uMoses Levi eAltona naseHamburg ayemangalisa, apho balubhenca esidlangalaleni ulawulo lobukoloniyali baseJamani waza uAkwa wazibanga ngokuzithemba.

Ngenxa yezenzo zika-Akwa zasesidlangalaleni, eminye imithombo ephambili iye yagcinwa kumaphephandaba ale mihla nakumaxwebhu aseJamani naseCameroon. Imibhalo yezikhalazo zika-Akwa yapapashwa njengencwadi eshicilelwe yiGerman Reichstag. Eyona nto ibalaseleyo kukufunyanwa kwesibongozo sikaMoses Levi kwilifa lakhe, esapapashwa nguLeonard Harding ngo-2000. Uphando olunzulu ngendima yama-Akwa lunokufumaneka kuJoseph Gomsu, uRalph Austen kunye noAndreas Eckert. Iimpapasho zamva nje zaseCameroon zivela eGermain Nyada kunye noEnoh Meyomesse. Nangona kunjalo, akukho zicatshulwa zokwenyani ze-autobiographical ngu-Akwa ngokwakhe.

I-Bielefeld kunye nekoloniyalizim? Abahlali besi sixeko, ebesityala impumelelo yezoqoqosho kwishishini leempahla, babenento yokwenza nokwandiswa kobukoloniyali kunye nokuxhaphaza? Njengakwezinye izixeko ezininzi kuMbindi Yurophu, iimbekiselo kubukoloniyali azicacanga kwaye zazingeyonxalenye yezithethe zembali yesixeko ixesha elide. Zimbalwa izinto ezibonakala kubume besixeko namhlanje, njengesikhumbuzo soMnyuli oMkhulu eSparrenburg eBielefeld, enika ubungqina kurhwebo (lwangaphambili) lobukoloniyali lweBrandenburg African Company (BAC).

Uninzi lweempawu zifihliwe kwi-biographies yabafuduki kunye neengxelo malunga nemisebenzi yobukoloniyali yabemi. Abazange bathenge kuphela iimveliso kwiikoloni kwaye banikele kwimishini - babandakanyeka kwimibutho yobukoloniyali, baya kwiminyhadala yobukholoniyali, "imiboniso yobuhlanga" kunye neentetho ngezihloko zamakholoni, baqokelela izinto ezingezizo zaseYurophu, batyala i-oki yobukoloniyali ngo-1924 kwaye bathiywa igama elithi isitrato emva kolwaphulo-mthetho lobukoloniyali ngo-1963 kunye nesithixo samaNazi uKarl Peters. Ikomkhulu loBugcisa baseBheteli nalo lalikweso sixeko. Ezinye zezi zihloko, apho u-Bielefeld ebexoxa nge-postcolonial ukususela ngo-2007 kwiikhenkethi ezilandela umkhondo wekholoniyali, ziboniswa kwezi zikhululo zilandelayo.

Kwiindawo zangaphambili zezibuko ze-Überseestadt, i-colonial past iyabonakala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwaye iyaqhubeka kuze kube namhlanje ngokungabi nabulungisa kurhwebo lwehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo umfanekiso kaBremen njengesixeko sokurhweba semveli akufane udityaniswe nesiseko sobukoloniyali sobutyebi baso - uxhatshazo lwembali noluqhubekayo luhlala lungakhankanywa. Ukhenketho olulandelayo lweBremen's Überseestadt lubonisa ngokucacileyo iingenelo zobukoloniyali kunye neziseko zophuhliso lobukoloniyali ezimelwe kurhwebo lweBremen kwimpahla yobukoloniyali.

Olu khenketho lutyhila amagama ezitrato zobukoloniyali njengeKiautschoustraße, Pekingerplatz, kunye neSamoastraße eBerlin-Wedding, ukulandelela ilifa lobukoloniyali baseJamani eQingdao, eBeijing, naseApia.

Nangona yayihlala ixesha elifutshane kwaye ivalelwe ubukhulu becala, amabhongo aseJamani aseTshayina ayenempembelelo enkulu. Yakhawulezisa ukuwa koBukhosi baseTshayina yaza yabangela intshukumo yabafundi eyatshintsha indlela yaseTshayina.

Imiphumo yokucinezelwa kweZizwe eziManyeneyo eziSibhozo kwi-Yihetuan Movement (1900-1901) ikwahlala ibonakala kwiimyuziyam zaseJamani, apho kugcinwe khona inani elikhulu lezinto ezixabisekileyo ezaphangwa eTshayina.

Olu khenketho luza kuphonononga uqhakamshelwano phakathi kwemimandla yempembelelo yaseJamani eTshayina naseSamoa, kuphononongwa kuxhatshazo lwemithombo yobutyebi bendalo kunye nabasebenzi abaphantsi okuthe kwaphembelela iinzuzo zongxowankulu baseJamani.

IWuppertal inembali yobukoloniyali esaqhubeka ivakala namhlanje. Kusekho amagama ezitalato kunye neekhemesti ezigcwele ubukoloniyali, imbali "yemiboniso ye-ethnological" kumyezo wezilwanyana, kunye nembali engasonjululwanga yemisebenzi yobugcisa kwiimyuziyam.

Ukhenketho lwethu lwesixeko i-Decolonize Wuppertal lubandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lwemiba eyahlukeneyo yobukoloniyali: ukusuka kubemi ekucingelwa ukuba "babekekileyo" kunye nabadlali abangaboni ngasonye besixeko sethu abathi, ngokwembono ye-decolonial, abasenawo amagorha emva koko. Ukusuka kumaqhawe okwenene amabali abo kudala engachazwanga. Ukususela kwiingxaki zezoqoqosho nezonqulo ezisaqhubeka zinempembelelo namhlanje. Ukhenketho lwethu lwesixeko alunazintloni zokubiza izenzo zenkohlakalo "njengemiboniso ye-ethnological." Asijongi kude; sinqumama kwaye sizinike ixesha ukubonisa ukuba ubukoloniyali yenzeka kwisixeko sethu. Ukuba abantu bafela kwisixeko sethu ngenxa yobukoloniyali. Ngokwenza oko, siphindaphinda ukuphinda sibhekiselele apha kwaye ngoku.

Ngolu khenketho, siyakumema ukuba ube kunye nathi kwincoko, ukuze ucinge ngezenzo zakho kunye negalelo lakho kwizakhiwo zeniyo-koloniyalizim. Oku akukho malunga nokubeka ityala, kodwa kukwazisa ngokungabikho kobulungisa. Kuphela kuxa iimbono zethu ziphakamile apho sinokuthi sizame ukutshintsha.

___

Redaktion und Koordination: Barbara Frey

"Abathengisi be-10 baseHamburg benza i-1 inkampani yokurhweba" kwaye baqeshe "i-1 enkulu, inqanawa exhotyiswe kakuhle" - lawa ngamazwi okuvula okubala kwincwadi yokufunda yabathengisi abanomdla, ababonakala kwiinguqulelo ezintandathu eHamburg ukususela ngo-1686. Ngokwezibalo ezikhohlisayo, abarhwebi bazisa "ilinen, i-damasks eyahlukahlukeneyo eNtshona Afrika, kunye ne-metal ehlukahlukeneyo eNtshona Afrika. Apho, imithwalo ithengiswa "ngegolide, amabamba endlovu" kunye nama-202 amakhoboka aseAfrika, athunyelwa kwiiCaribbean. Kwisiqithi saseDenmark saseSt. Thomas, abantu abathinjiweyo batshintshiselwa ngeswekile eveliswa kumasimi angamakhoboka. Ekubuyeleni kwabo eHamburg, abarhwebi bakhupha ingeniso ye-100 ekhulwini.

Lo mzekelo ubalo usuka kwincwadi ekudala isetyenziswa eHamburg ubonisa umba wobunyani isixeko esathatha inxaxheba kuso kulwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu lokurhweba ngamakhoboka kwiatlantic iminyaka emininzi. Nakwindawo yasedolophini yaseHamburg, xa uyijongisisa, umntu usenokufumana iziseko ezibonisa abadlali kunye nemveliso yorhwebo kurhwebo ngamakhoboka awela iAtlantiki. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, amatshantliziyo oluntu aye atsala ingqalelo kule mikhondo ilityelweyo.

Umrhwebi waseHamburg uCaspar Vght waziwa kakhulu njengomguquleli woncedo oluhlwempuzekileyo kunye nengqondi edibeneyo eyakha iJenischpark eKlein-Flottbek eHamburg. Nangona kunjalo, imisebenzi yakhe yokurhweba njengomthengisi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ifumene ingqalelo encinci. Kwaye ukuba kunjalo, kubhekiselwa kuphela kwisicatshulwa sikaVght esiphantse sibe ngumzekeliso: "Ndandingumrhwebi wokuqala waseHamburg ukufumana ikofu eMocha, iToback yaseBaltimore, ikofu evela eSuriname, kunye nerabha evela eAfrika."

Olu khenketho luhlolisisa ngokucokisekileyo "Inkolelo ye-Vight" kwaye inika ingqiqo kwishishini lakhe lobukoloniyali. Ngokukodwa, umbuzo uphononongwa ukuba uVight wayebandakanyeka kangakanani kurhwebo lobukhoboka be-atlantic. Oku kukwabonisa intsebenziswano yeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zobukoloniyali malunga ne-1800 kunye nokubandakanyeka koohlohlesakhe base-Hamburg kunye ne-Altona.

Iinyaniso ezimbalwa eziphambili: Emva kokusweleka kukayise, uSenator uCaspar Vght ophezulu, uCaspar Vught junior wathatha indlu kayise yokurhweba ngo-1781, kunye nomhlobo wakhe uGeorg Heinrich Sieveking, owayesele esebenza apho. Bayinike ngokusesikweni inkampani yorhwebo i-Vght & Co. ukuya kwi -Vght & Sieveking ngo-1788. Uqoqosho lwase-Hamburg lwafumana inqanaba eliphezulu ngeminyaka yoo-1780s kuba, emva kweRevolution yaseMelika, ngoku yayikwazi ukurhweba ngokuthe ngqo ne-USA eselula ngaphandle kweNgilani. Kwi-1793, uCaspar Vght warhoxa ngokusemthethweni kwinkampani yokurhweba, kodwa waqhubeka eqhuba ishishini elinenzuzo kunye noMntla Melika ngokuzimeleyo. Ngo-1799 uSieveking wasweleka ngokungalindelekanga. Ingxaki yokurhweba ngelo xesha kunye neNapoleonic Continental Blockade phakathi kwe-1806 kunye ne-1814 ekugqibeleni yabangela ukuba uVoght anikezele ishishini lakhe.

URegina Bruce / Savi de Tové wazalelwa eWuppertal ngo-1900, intombi yabafuduki baseTogo. Njengomntwana osemncinci, wayehamba kulo lonke elaseYurophu kunye nosapho lwakhe kunye neshishini labo lokubonisa. Uchithe ubuntwaneni bakhe kunye nobutsha bakhe nabazali abakhulisa umntwana kumantla eJamani. EHamburg, ekugqibeleni waqeqeshwa njengomfundisi-ntsapho kwisikolo sabantwana abancinane waza wasebenza kwikhaya labantwana. Apho, wayeyinxalenye yoluntu lwabaNtsundu olwalwa nobuhlanga obuchasene nobuhlanga kwiRiphabhliki yaseWeimar. Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1920, wemka eJamani noodadewabo ababini waza wafudukela eTogo, apho wafela khona ngowe-1991 emva kokuphila ubomi obude.

I-biography yakhe ephawulekayo yinxalenye ye-German-Togolese colonial kunye nembali yokufuduka. Ubomi bukaRegina Bruce / Savi de Tové bukwathetha ngamathuba kunye nezithintelo zezenzo zomfazi oNtsundu ngenkulungwane yama-20.

Ekuzalweni, uRegina Bruce / Savi de Tové wanikwa amagama ama-Ewe amaninzi endingawaziyo. Kuba ezibhekisa kuye njengoRegina kushicilelo, ndiza kusebenzisa elo gama lokuqala apha.

Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-120 emva kokuzalwa kukaRegina Bruce / Savi de Tové, ndizama ukubuyisela ubomi bakhe. Into awayevakalelwa ngayo nawayecinga ngayo yayisoloko ingenakufunyanwa kwimithombo yolwazi. Ngaphambi nje kokuba ndigqibezele ibali lobomi bakhe endathi ndadibana neekhasethi ezirekhodiweyo apho yena, eneminyaka engama-75 ubudala, abalisa ubomi bakhe de kwamalunga nowe-1930. Oku kwandinika imbono entsha; Ndikwazile ukubandakanya iingcaphuno ezivela kuye kwaye ndigxininise imbono yakhe.

Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaqambisa imbono endibhala ngayo i-biography kaRegina Bruce/Savi de Tové: Njengomfazi omhlophe waseJamani, mna ngokwam ndibunjwe yimbali yobukoloniyali. Nangona ndithatha imbono egxekayo yobuhlanga, yobufazi, ulwazi lwam oluninzi lutsalwa kugcino lwe-Eurocentric. Ngemvelaphi eyahlukileyo yolwazi kunye namava, ibali likaRegina Bruce / Savi de Tové ngokuqinisekileyo linokubaliswa ngendlela eyahlukileyo.

Ngo-1999, iPosi yaseNamibia yawonga ibhinqa ngestampu ebelinegalelo elibalulekileyo kuhlobo olubhalwayo lolwimi lwesiHerero kwiminyaka elikhulu eyadlulayo: UJohanna Gertze – owazalwa ngu-Urieta Kazahendike – waba negalelo kumsebenzi wokuguqulela womvangeli osuka kwiRhenish Missionary Society (RMG), owaguqulela iTestamente eNtsha kunye nezinye izicatshulwa zobuKristu ukusuka kwisiJamani ukuyisa kwisiJamani.

Kukho iimbono ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ngobomi bakhe. Ngo-1936, umthunywa wevangeli osele esidla umhlala-phantsi uHeinrich Vedder wapapasha iincwadana ezimbini ezifana nephecana ngobomi bakhe, ezijoliswe ikakhulu kubaxhasi be-RMG. Incwadana yokuqala igxininise ekubhaptizweni kuka-Urieta Kazahendike njengesona sithsaba sokuphumelela kumsebenzi wobuvangeli basemazweni eHereroland. Incwadana yesibini ichaza ubomi bakhe njengobungcwele nobukholisa uThixo—ngokuhambelana nendima yentlalontle uthumo olwabelwe abafazi baseAfrika.

UBrigitta Lau, umlawuli wokuqala woLondolozo lweeNkcukacha eziBalulekileyo zaseNamibia emva kwenkululeko, uthatha imbono eyahlukileyo. Uchaza umfanekiso weVedder kwaye ubonakalise uJohanna Gertze njengowesifazane ozithembayo. Uyenza icace into yokuba impumelelo yomthunywa wevangeli uCarl Hugo Hahn ekuguquleleni imibhalo yebhayibhile neyezakwalizwi ibangelwa ikakhulu nguJohanna Gertze.

Eli nqaku liphonononga ngobomi bakhe. Kwiminyaka engaphambi kokuba abhaptizwe, wayebizwa ngegama lakhe lokuzalwa, u-Urieta Kazahendike, yaye emva koko wabizwa ngegama lakhe lobuKristu awamthabatha, uJohanna. Emva komtshato wakhe noSamuel Gertze, kwasetyenziswa ifani ethi Gertze.

Ukude kwasekufeni kwakhe ngo-1950 indoda yaseTogo u-Amemenjong, kamva eyaziwa ngokuba nguJoseph Garber, ehlala eBerlin phantse iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Ubomi bakhe kunye nobo babantwana bakhe abazalelwe eBerlin bubonisa indlela ubomi bamaJamani aMnyama abunjwe ngayo yikoloniyalizim kunye nelifa layo kwaye kamva yimigaqo-nkqubo yobuhlanga yamaNazi.

Yayibubukhosi obazisa uGarber eJamani. Okokuqala ngo-1891 weza ngenxa yezizathu zemfundo waza ngo-1896 weza kuboniswa njengenxalenye yomzi wogcino-zilwanyana wabantu owawuboniswa kuMboniso wokuQala wamaKoloniyali waseJamani eBerlin-Treptow. Ekupheleni kwalo mboniso wagqiba kwelokuba ahlale, aqeqeshelwe ukuthunga, kwaye wenzela umkhosi waseJamani iibhatyi zomkhosi ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi, phambi kokuba abizwe ukuba aye kulwa. EBerlin-Neukölln watshata ngowe-1910, waqalisa usapho, waza waqhuba abathungi abaphumeleleyo bamadoda de kwaba kukuDodobala Okukhulu.

Akuzange kube ngummi waseJamani, kuphela isifundo se-colonial yaseJamani, ukuphela koBukhosi baseJamani kwashiya uYosefu kunye nabantwana bakhe bengenasiphelo. Oku kunqongophala kokhuseleko lomthetho kwabangela ukuba intsapho ibe sesichengeni ngakumbi emva kokuba amaNazi elawula. Njengabo bonke abahlali abaNtsundu, uJoseph kunye nabantwana bakhe ngoku abasele bekhulile babejongelwe phantsi kwaye bephantsi kocalucalulo olwandayo. UJoseph wabanjwa amaxesha amaninzi ngenxa yokungabikho kwamaphepha esazisi, ngelixa abantwana bakhe babenokhetho oluncinci ngaphandle kokuchitha ubomi ngokudlala kwimiboniso yangaphandle kunye neefilimu ze-propaganda zamaNazi ezizukisa i-colonial past.

UJoseph nabantwana bakhe basinda kulawulo lwamaNazi. Ngexesha lasemva kwe-1945 bonke abantakwethu abane bakaGarber bashiya iJamani kwaye bafuna ukwakha ubomi obutsha kwenye indawo.

Isithili saseHamburg saseHarburg yayisisixeko esizimeleyo esinezibuko elikwi-Elbe de kwayinkulungwane yama-20. Ukusukela embindini wenkulungwane ye-19, kuye kwavela iinkampani ezintsha apha ezilungisa imathiriyeli ekrwada ukusuka kwiindawo eziphantsi kwamakholoni. Amashishini erabha kunye ne-oyile ngokukodwa enze isixeko esincinci ngokuthelekisa indawo ebalulekileyo yoshishino kwi-Empire.

Ngokwahlukileyo kulandelelwano lwezakhiwo kwinkangeleko yedolophu yanamhlanje, ilifa kumazwe emvelaphi yemathiriyeli yekrwada yobukoloniyali ayibonakali kwisithuba sedolophu saseHarburg. Kwimimandla yangaphambili yaseJamani, kodwa naseNigeria nakwingingqi ye-Amazon, ukuxhaphazwa kwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kwi-Elbe kuye kwatshabalalisa ubomi boluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Umhlaba wohluthwa ukuze kwakhiwe amasimi apho abantu banyanzelwa ukuba basebenze. Abadlali bekoloniyali badla ngokutyumza ngobundlobongela ukuchasana kwabantu basekhaya okwavela phantse kuyo yonke indawo kwaye kwakhona kwaye kwakhona.

Ezi ziganeko zikwayinxalenye yembali yezikhumbuzo zemizi-mveliso, nokuba azikhunjulwa eHarburg. Izikhululo ezikweli nqaku zikhanyisa iindawo ezibalulekileyo kunye neenkampani zaseHarburg kunye noqhagamshelwano lwazo kubukoloniyali.

UWalther Rathenau (1867-1922), unyana womseki we-AEG uEmil Rathenau, wayengusomashishini onempembelelo kunye nezopolitiko kwiRiphabhliki yaseWeimar. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe wayejolise kwisiphithiphithi esichasene namaSemite, okwathi kwacaca ngakumbi emva kokuqeshwa kwakhe njengoMphathiswa Wezangaphandle ngo-1922. NgoJuni 24, 1922, wabulawa ngabanqolobi belizwe nabachasene namaSemite.

Inkalo encinci eyaziwayo ye-biography kaRathenau yindima yakhe njengomcebisi wezoqoqosho kuNobhala kaRhulumente we-Ofisi ye-Imperial Colonial, uBernhard Dernburg. Ngo-1907 kunye no-1908 bahamba kunye ukuya kumathanga aseJamani "i-German East Africa", "i-German South West Africa" ​​nakwimimandla yobukoloniyali baseBritani.

U-Rathenau wagcina iidayari kuzo zombini iihambo, ezithi, kunye nembalelwano kunye neengxelo ezisemthethweni azibhalele uChancellor Bülow, zibonelele ngembono yakhe ngabantu, imihlaba kunye neemeko zokuhamba. Nangona wayekugxeka ukucinezelwa ngenkohlakalo kwabemi basekuhlaleni, wathetha ngokuphandle exhasa ukuxhatshazwa kwezoqoqosho lwamathanga nocalucalulo lobuhlanga.

Eli nqaku lilanda izigaba zale minyaka ngaphambi kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala.

Umboniso womguquli welizwe jikelele, uVirendranath Chattophadyaya, okanye 'iChatto', wanikela ubomi bakhe bonke ebudaleni kwinjongo yobuzwe baseIndiya kunye nokulwa nobukoloniyali baseBritane. Umdla wakhe wenguqu wamkhokelela kwizifundo zakhe eLondon kulo lonke elaseYurophu - ekhangela inkxaso kunye nabaphulaphuli abazimiseleyo kwiphulo lehlabathi elichasene neBritish Raj.

Indawo esembindini yeOdyssey yakhe yaseYurophu yayiyiBerlin. Apha waseka iKomiti yaseBerlin , eyathi kamva yabizwa ngokuba yiKomiti yeNkululeko yaseIndiya ( Indisches Unabhängigkeitskomite), umbutho owakha umfelandawonye neJamani ngexesha leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi ukunceda udushe lwaseIndiya.

Ngexesha kunye nasemva kwemfazwe evela kwiziseko zaseBerlin naseStockholm, uChatto waya kwiinkomfa kwaye wakha unxibelelwano lobuqu nabanye abantu abanobusoshiyali kunye nabachasene nobukhosi kunye namanani karhulumente, efumana inkxaso-mali ebalulekileyo kunye nentsebenziswano kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Weza neendawo ezithe qelele zobukoloniyali njengeSingapore, iConstantinople kunye neAfghanistan kuthungelwano lwehlabathi, esasaza inkohliso echasene neBhritane kwamanye amaIndiya agxothiweyo kwihlabathi liphela ngumkhosi kunye neemfuno zabasebenzi zobukumkani.

Ubomi bukaChatto bukhanyisa ukukhanya eBerlin njengendawo echasene ne-imperial hub kwaye bunika ukuqonda kubomi be-cosmopolitan revolution, benyanzelwa ukuba bafuduke ngenxa yokhuseleko lomntu kunye nenkonzo yesizathu esichasene nobukoloniyali. Kwangoko evuselelwe ngobukrelekrele kwaye wabeka ingozi enkulu ngomsebenzi wakhe wobomi, uChatto naye wafumana ukuphoxeka kwezopolitiko kunye neenguqu njengoko uhambo lwakhe lwenguquko lwamtsalela ngasekhohlo ngokwembono nakwimpuma ngokwesithuba. Njengoko ubuKomanisi bukhula emva kweNguqulelo yaseRashiya, wabona ekude ekhohlo njengokuphela komhlobo wenyaniso kwinjongo echasene nobukoloniyali. Wafudukela eMoscow, apho ekugqibeleni wayeza kudibana nesiphelo sakhe ezandleni zikaStalin, eshiya ngasemva ilifa elimangalisayo kwizangqa ezichasene ne-imperial.

IWindhoek, ikomkhulu laseNamibia lasekwa okokuqala ngowe-1840 yiNkosi yaseOorlam uJonker Afrikaner, owayithiya ngegama leeNtaba zeWinterhoek eTulbagh, eMzantsi Afrika, apho wakhulela khona.

Ukanti ngo-1890, imbali yaphinda yabhalwa ukuze ithi yasekwa nguMkomishinala wasebukhosini waseJamani uCurt von François, owayehleli kule ndawo waza waseka inqaba iAlte Feste. Oku kungachaneki kwembali kuya kuthi kamva, ngo-1965, kuqiniswe ngokumiselwa komfanekiso wakhe oqingqiweyo encoma uFrançois njengomseki weWindhoek. Esi siganeko sisikhumbuzo esinamandla senyaniso yokuba amatye ezikhumbuzo aseWindhoek abonakalisa iimbono zehlabathi zabo bawagunyazisayo okanye abawamkelayo.