Gasar ƙwaƙwalwa: Mutuwar Lieutenant Hermann Nolte na farko [1869-1902] – Kamaru | Jamus
Labaran rayuwa
Richard Tsogang Fossi, 2024
Zamanin da Jamus ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a Kamaru, ba wai tarihin amfani da kayan masarufi da al'adu kadai ba ne, har ma da tarihin mamayar sojoji da tashe-tashen hankula. Tsakanin 1884 zuwa 1914, an gudanar da yaƙe-yaƙe na zalunci fiye da 180 a "Jamus Kamaru." Ya kamata sojoji su "bude" yankin da ake so ta hanyar yaki, don haka ya ba da damar abin da ake kira "ci gaba." Duk da tashin hankalin da suka yi, an nuna sojoji a cikin littattafan mulkin mallaka a cikin salon soyayya da farfaganda a matsayin "majagaba" wasu ma a matsayin "basirar mulkin mallaka."
Wannan kayan aikin soja, wanda ya shuka wulakanci, mutuwa, da barna, wani lokaci yakan fuskanci shan kashi da ita kanta mutuwa. Al’amarin jami’in mulkin mallaka Hermann Nolte ya kwatanta hakan. Hakanan yana nuna yadda al'ummar da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka suka riƙe irin waɗannan lokuta na nasarar juriya a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyarsu tare da sanya su cikin ainihin su.
Bayan ya kammala horar da shi a matsayin laftanal a Jamus a shekara ta 1889, Hermann Nolte ya shiga cikin "Schutztruppe" (Rundunar kariya) na mulkin mallaka na Kamaru. Bayan ya shiga yaƙe-yaƙe masu zubar da jini na mallaka, an aika shi zuwa Banyo a 1902 don ya kafa mukamin soja. A can ne Sarkin Musulmi Oumarou mai tawaye ya kashe shi.
Kabarin Hermann Nolte yana nan a Banyo har yau - kamar yadda kabarin Oumarou yake. Dukkan kaburburan biyu suna cikin tsari mai mahimmanci na tunawa (da gasa) na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Jamus a Kamaru.
Contact: Richard TSOGANG FOSSI, Technical University Berlin. Strasse des 17. Juni 150-152, Sekr. A 56 Bénédicte Savoy,/ Roam A-F 83. tsogangfossi@yahoo.fr / tsogang.fossi@tu-berlin.de, tel. +49 30 314-24307
Special Thanks: I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the entire team of the research project Reverse History of Collections. Mapping Cameroon in German Museums, and neighbouring projects, all of which have been instrumental in shaping my postcolonial and decolonial views on colonial history, memory, and provenance research of the collections of cultural assets from colonial contexts.
This goes particularly to Bénédicte Savoy, Albert Gouaffo, Yann LeGall, Eyke Vonderau, Judith Rottenburg, Iñigo Salto Santamaría, Mikaél Assilkinga, Yrine Matchinda, Elsa Goulko, and Pia Meierkord.
Special thanks also go to the Dekoloniale team, which seeks by all means to unearth silenced stories of marginalised people and to confront colonial legacies which still underpin many aspects of our lives today. I especially think of Christian Kopp and Mirja Memmen.
The Embassy of Cameroon in Germany, including His Excellency Victor Ndocky, and the Cultural Counsellor Maryse Nsangou, also deserves our appreciation for their support of our research projects.
Further thanks go to Thomas Fues, Thomas Klinkert, Weertje Wilms, Andreas Mehler, Anika Becher, Margret Frenz for their contributions in making dialogs with the communities of origin possible, who had suffered from colonial violence and traumas because their ancestors and cultural belongings have been removed in colonial times for pseudo-scientific and racist reasons.
I am equally grateful to colleagues in Cameroon, such as Serge Noukeu, Hanse Gilbert Mbeng Dang, Ebenezer Billé, Alain Belmond Sonyem; in France such as Felicity Bodenstein, Gaelle Beaujean, Julien Bondaz, Florence Bernault; in Belgium like Sara Tassi; and in Italy including Alessandra Galizzi.
Finally, I would like to thank the museum professionals or filmmakers, Verena Rodatus, Katja Kaiser, Maria-Antoine Ellendorff, Julia Pfau, Grit Lederer, Markus Winterbauer for their cooperative commitment in our bold, collective projects, my wife Loice and our children for their comprehension.
References:
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Brunner, Claudia: Epistemische Gewalt. Wissen und Herrschaft in der kolonialen Moderne, 2020.
Buchner, Max: Aurora colonialis. Bruchstücke eines Tagebuchs aus dem ersten Beginn unserer Kolonialpolitik, 1914.
Buchner, Max: Kamerun. Skizze und Betrachtungen, 1887.
Gouaffo, Albert / Tsogang Fossi, Richard: Kamerun, Spuren und Erinnerungen hundert Jahre nach der deutschen Kolonialzeit, in: Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne / Zeller, Joachim (Hrsg.): Deutschland postkolonial? Die Gegenwart der imperialen Vergangenheit, 2019, S. 168-181.
Hoffmann, Florian: Okkupation und Militärverwaltung. Etablierung und Institutionalisierung des Gewaltmonopols 1891-1914, Band 1-2, 2007.
Hurault, Jean: Une phase de la conquête allemande du Cameroun : l'occupation de Banyo (1902), Revue française d'histoire d'outremer, tome 61, n°225, 1974, p. 579-593.
Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete im Jahre 1898-1899, 1900.
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LeGall, Yann: „Nur durch Gewalt zu erhalten“. Militärische Gewalt und Museumssammlungen“, in: Assilkinga, Mikaél et al. (Hrsg.): Atlas der Abwesenheit. Kameruns Kulturerbe in Deutschland, 2023, S. 113-136.
Nkwi, Paul Nchoji: The German Presence in the Western Grassfields 1891-1913: A German Colonial Account, 1989.
Nolte, Hermann: Bericht über einen Besuch beim Sultan von Tibati, in: Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, 1900, S. 284-286.
Owona, Adalbert: La Naissance du Cameroun, 1996.
Paine, Jack / Qiu, Xiaoyan / Ricart-Huguet, Joan: Endogenous Colonial Borders: Precolonial States and Geography in the Partition of Africa, American Political Science Review, 2024, p. 1–20.
Tsogang Fossi, Richard / Wagne, Jeanne-Ange: A Plaque from an Ngolo Etana. The Looting of Architectural Heritage as a Token of Colonial Violence, in: Adjei, Sela / LeGall, Yann (Ed.): FIFTEEN COLONIAL THEFTS. A Guide to Looted African Heritage in Museums, 2024, pp. 99-110.
Stationen
Zuwan Nolte da lokutan sabis na farko
Nolte da cin amanar Bulu
Nolte a kan Ngolo
Nolte da zane-zane na mulkin mallaka
Nolte da wasan kwaikwayo na Yoko
Aikin Nolte: matsayi a Banyo
Mutuwar Nolte da sakamakonsa
Nolte a cikin al'adun tunawa